What Body Parts Do We Owe Each Other?

The American experience in organ transplantation illuminates the attitudes and practices that underlie the ongoing failure to establish a national health insurance system. In both spheres, the public makes a sharp divide between the well-being of intimates and the well-being of strangers. Private and public duties remain distinct; obligations recognized on a personal level do not expand public commitments. As a result, individuals must shift for themselves, whether they require an organ donor or a doctor. In the world of transplantation as in the world of health care more generally, we are all on our own.

Bureaucracy and consultation: the Correctional Service of Canada and the requirements of being democratic

Abstract: The question of how the “participatory” climate of the 1900s has affected government decision-making processes in Canada has caught the attention of many students of public administration. The Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) has made a commitment over the last decade to greater public involvement in its operations. However, the csc initially underestimated the tensions between bureaucratic and consultative practice, as well as the extent of the organizational changes required for meaningful consultation. The result was a delayed adaptation to the requirements of consultation, which impaired the csc's ability to communicate with the public. The first part of this paper delineates the tensions between bureaucratic and consultative practice that manifest themselves in different assumptions concerning who should make policy decisions, what criteria should be used in decision making, who should be informed and, finally, how the decision-making organizations should be designed. In the second part, the csc's attempts to overcome such tensions are examined in four cases of community consultation conducted in the 1990s. Sommaire: De nombreux étudiants en administration publique se sont penchés sur la question de savoir comment le climat «participatif» des années 1990 a influé sur le processus décisionnel gouvernemental au Canada. Le Service correctionnel du Canada (scc) s'est engagé au cours de la dernière décennie à faire participer davantage le grand public à ses opérations. Cependant, le scc avait sous-estime au depart la tension qui régnait entre l'approche bureaucratique et l'approche consultative, ainsi que l'ampleur des changements organisationnels nécessaires pour avoir une consultation valable. Par conséquent, l'adaptation aux exigences de la consultation a tardéà se produire, ce qui diminua l'aptitude du scc à communiquer avec le public. l.a première partie de cet article décrit les écarts entre les deux approches mentionnées plus haut, écarts qui se manifestent par des idées divergentes concernant quidevrait prendre les décisions en matiere de politique, quels criteres devraient guider les décisions, qui devrait êre mis au courant et enfin, comment les organismes décisionnels devraient être concps. La deuxième partie de l'article examine quatre cas de consultation communautaire réalisées dans les années 1990, Afin de cerner les efforts du SCC visant àéliminer ces tensions.     

The Regulation of Xenotransplantation in the United Kingdom After UKXIRA: Legal and Ethical Issues

Xenotransplantation - the transfer of living tissue between species - has long been heralded as a potential solution to the severe organ shortage crisis experienced by the United Kingdom and other 'developed' nations. However, the significant risks which accompany this biotechnology led the United Kingdom to adopt a cautious approach to its regulation, with the establishment of a non-departmental public body - UKXIRA - to oversee the development of this technology on a national basis. In December 2006 UKXIRA was quietly disbanded and replaced with revised guidance, which entrusts the regulation of xenotransplantation largely to research ethics committees. In this article we seek to problematize this new regulatory framework, arguing that specialist expertise and national oversight are necessary components of an adequate regulatory framework for a biotechnology which poses new orders of risk, challenges the adequacy of traditional understandings of autonomy and consent, and raises significant animal welfare concerns. We argue for a more considered and holistic approach, based on adequate consultation, to regulating biotechnological developments in the United Kingdom.     

The sources and consequences of corrections officers' stress: A South Korean example

Corrections officers play crucial roles in the functioning of correctional institutions. They create and maintain the social and security milieu within prisons and often have direct impact on the behavior of inmates through their daily contact with inmates. Studies showed, however, that the correctional work environment was fraught with stress. Many studies found that corrections officers experienced excessive stress, which manifested in physical illnesses, burnout, family problems, or their inability to perform their duties—compromising institutional safety and creating further stress for other staff. These studies were instrumental in instituting improvements in the correctional work environment; however, most were conducted in Western societies. To extend the knowledge of corrections officers' work environments, this study examined correctional work among officers in South Korea. Specifically, stress-related issues outlined in previous studies were examined here to assess their relevance and applicability in the South Korean society. Implications for policy and future endeavors are discussed.     

Gender,work and labour history: a response to carol morgan

Carol Morgan has proposed (Women's History Review, 6[3], 1997) that in future, rather than concentrating their efforts on studying gender conflict, labour historians should research men and women's mutual struggle in the workplace. She cautions those who ignore the implications of local labour markets, regional variations and change over time in order to maximise women's subordinate role at the point of production. These are important considerations. But in her critique, Morgan probably gives insufficient weight to the conclusions of earlier writers. Her case studies on cotton and chain-making have been previously well-researched and the rationale for investigating two such disparate trades is not fully developed. Morgan's arguments are also at variance with those historians who consider home and work to be separate but interconnected. The latter advocate the adoption of a household-centred labour history, analysing both the ‘private’ and ‘public’ spheres to investigate breadwinning patterns and union