Transportation versus Imprisonment in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Britain: Penal Power, Liberty, and the State

Existing explanations for historical changes in punishment in Britain have tended to examine the replacement of disorderly prisons and public executions with national penitentiaries from the late eighteenth to the mid‐nineteenth century. Despite their significant contributions to our understanding of how punishments operate in a broader social, political, and economic context, these scholarly accounts have narrowed debate on the mechanisms of penal change to the intentions of penal reformers. This analysis extends this time frame and uses historical data to compare the development of the penitentiary in Britain to its primary, yet less studied, penal substitute, the transportation of felons to America and Australia. In doing so, it provides an alternative explanation for the ascendancy of national penitentiaries. I argue that the development of these penal institutions in Britain was historically made possible by two interdependent sets of changes: (1) changes in the structure and administration of the state's penal apparatus (from decentralized to centralized and patrimonial to bureaucratic); and (2) transformations in popular understandings of the state's power to punish in correspondence with the expansion of a broader and more equal definition of citizenship (democratization). In conclusion, I argue for the value of perspectives on punishment that identify the explicit relationships between state organization and social relations in order to clarify how culture inheres in material conditions to influence specific penal outcomes.     

AUTISM IN CHILDREN AND PARENTS:

Family court professionals are increasingly involved with divorces between parents of autistic children where the parents themselves may also have either diagnosed or undiagnosed autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). Yet, there have been no published guidelines for the court professionals who are managing these cases (National Autistic Society, 1991; Singer, 2003 ). The goal of this article is to familiarize divorce professionals with the growing phenomenon of autism and to delineate specific recommendations for the management of these cases in the family law context.     

Errors in the estimation of the distance of fall and angles of impact blood drops.

This paper presents derived equations for the estimation of the variances in the estimated distance of fall and the estimated angle of impact for blood droplets. The derived equation for the variance of the estimated distance of fall predicts that as the blood drop size approaches that of a blood droplet falling at terminal velocity, the variance of the estimate grows without limit. The derived equation for the variance in the estimated angle of impact shows that as the angle of impact approaches 90 degrees, the variance grows without limit. The validity of the equation for the estimated variance of the angle of impact was tested for five angles of impact (15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 degrees); the equation correctly predicted the observed variance up to an angle of 60 degrees.     

New jobs in urban areas—an evaluation of advance factory building

TEACHING PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Richard A. Chapman, Joint University Council for Social and Public Administration: RIPA, 1973, pp. 95, £1.00.

THE EVOLUTION OF BRITISH TOWN PLANNING, Gordon G. Cherry, Leonard Hill, 1974, pp. 275, £6.00.

CITY POLITICS AND THE PRESS—JOURNALISTS AND THE GOVERNING OF MERSEYSIDE, Harvey Cox and David Morgan, Combridge University Press, 1973. (reprinted with corrections 1974), pp. 159, £2.80.

DEMOCRATIC THEORY AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT, Dilys M. Hill, Allen &; Unwin, 1974, pp. 243, £5.00 (£2.75 paperback).

GUERRILLAS IN THE BUREAUCRACY: THE COMMUNITY PLANNING EXPERIMENT IN THE UNITED STATES, Martin L. Needleman and Carolyn Emerson Needleman, John Wiley, 1974, pp. 386, £6.90.

THE MANAGEMENT OF URBAN CHANGE IN BRITAIN AND GERMANY, Richard Rose (ed.), Sage Publications, 1974, pp. 267, £5.00.

BIRMINGHAM 1939–1970, Anthony Sutcliffe and Roger Smith, Oxford University Press, 1974, pp. 514, £12.00.

MAKING INSTITUTIONS WORK, Geoffrey Vickers, Associated Business Programmes, 1973, pp. 187, £4.00.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT TRENDS 1973, CIPFA, 1974, pp. 301, £2.50.