关于线路治安工作长远建设的思考

铁路调图提速后线路治安出现许多新情况、新问题,对线路治安工作提出了更高的要求。本文在分析线路治安工作特点的基础上,对线路治安工作长远建设提出5点建议:一是建立健全一套行之有效的长效管理机制;二是制定和完善一套整治线路治安工作的规范;三是以全面推进预防联控工程建设为抓手,构建线路治安主体防控网络;四是与时俱进,创新线路治安的工作方式和方法;五是坚持从优待警,激发线路民警的工作积极性。     

Money,Mortgages, and the Conquest of America

In colonial America, land acquired new liquidity when it became liable for debts. Though English property law maintained a firm distinction between land and chattel for centuries, in the American colonies, the boundary between the categories of real and personal property began to disintegrate. There, the novelty of easy foreclosure and consequent easy alienation of land made it possible for colonists to obtain credit, using land as a security. However, scholars have neglected the first instances in which a newly unconstrained practice of mortgage foreclosure appeared—the transactions through which colonists acquired land from indigenous people in the first place. In this article, I explore these early transactions for land, which took place across fundamental differences between colonists’ and native communities’ conceptions of money, land, and exchange itself. I describe how difference and dependence propelled the growth of the early American contact economy to make land into real estate, or the fungible commodity on the speculative market that it remains today.     

法益抑或财产权利?——《民法典》规定的"数据"的法律性质认定

《民法典》关于"数据"的规定是其对大数据时代的响应,彰显了《民法典》的时代性与前瞻性,具有重要的价值宣示功能.然而,《民法典》对其具体意涵、法律性质等均未明确,无法为数据要素领域的后续规则建构提供切实指引.长远观之,这无疑将阻滞我国数据产业的发展.鉴于《民法典》采取了"个人信息"与"数据"二分模式,可以推知其规定的"数据"仅指具有财产属性的市场主体数据而非主要体现人格利益的个人数据.在此基础上,可以通过利益成权的理论正当性、受保护利益的独立性和利益成权的现实影响三个标准考察《民法典》规定的"数据"在法律性质上是权利还是法益.洛克劳动理论证成了市场主体数据成权的理论正当性;数据条款保护的利益具有区别于其他接近利益的独立性;市场主体数据成权将积极助推我国数据产业发展.因此,《民法典》规定的"数据"应当被认定为财产权利而非法益.     

“多次违法行为”入罪之思考——以多次非法行医为视角

我国法律规定未取得医生执业资格的人非法行医,被卫生行政部门行政处罚两次以后,再次非法行医的,应当以非法行医罪追究其刑事责任。此种将多次行政处罚后再实施违法的行为纳入刑事犯罪构成要件或者说作为罪量要素的定罪模式是合理的,不违反禁止重复评价原则和刑法谦抑性原则。但为了防止刑事制裁范围的肆意扩大,应从违法主体、违法程序及违法次数上对"非法行医被二次行政处罚后再次非法行医"入罪进行一定的限制,以实现人权保障和惩罚犯罪的有机统一。