印度微型金融机构(MFIs)灾害风险管理经验与启示

近十几年来,世界各国尤其是发展中国家微型金融机构(MFIs)的发展极为迅速.由于MFIs服务对象所处的自然环境普遍具有特殊性,发展中国家的MFIs在经营过程中非常重视灾害风险管理问题,但是目前该领域的研究文献比较少.本文系统性地介绍了印度MFls灾害风险管理的具体措施,希望能对我国MFIs的灾害风险管理提供有益借鉴.     

Acute effects of carbon monoxide and cyanide on hepatic mitochondrial function

The effects of carbon monoxide and cyanide on the hepatic redox state and energy charge were investigated. Rats were used for the experiment under pentobarbital anesthesia. Immediately after laparotomy, a rat was placed in an animal chamber made of a transparent plastic box and exposed to a test gas for 3 min. Every test gas was produced in a gas chamber connected to the animal chamber with a flexible tube. HCN was produced from NaCN and H2SO4. In the CO inhalation experiment, various amounts of CO were introduced into the gas chamber. Immediately after an exposure, about 2 g liver was frozen in situ with a precooled clamp. Oozed blood from the wound surface was sampled. Concentrations of ATP, ADP, AMP, acetoacetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate in hepatic mitochondria were determined, and the redox state and the energy charge were calculated. For cyanide as well as CO, significant negative correlations were found between the concentration in the blood and the redox state. The same held true for the energy charge. The redox state showed a slight increase at low concentrations of both gases; however, thereafter it began to decrease sharply with increases in concentrations. When concentrations of the toxicant in the blood reached certain levels, a kind of turning point, beyond which the redox state does not decrease any more, was observed. It was about 40% for HbCO and about 2.0 micrograms/ml for cyanide, and the points seemed to be related to the concentrations, beyond which cells are irreversibly damaged. On the other hand, the energy charge did not change at low concentrations. With an increase in toxicant concentrations, the energy charge decreased drastically. The rate of decrease in the energy charge became higher when blood concentrations exceeded certain levels. It was about 40% for HbCO and 2.0 micrograms/ml for cyanide. The presence of low levels of blood cyanide did not affect the relationship between the energy charge and the HbCO concentration.     

Implementing Change in an Urban School District: A Case Study of the Reorganization of the Little Rock School District

In July 2005, the Little Rock, Arkansas, school district implemented a new policy to reorganize its management structure in order to create a more efficient bureaucracy. Using Richard Matland’s ambiguity‐conflict model of policy implementation, the authors examine the implementation of this school reorganization policy. Interviews and surveys were conducted with the superintendent and his executive assistants, school principals, teachers, and staff. In line with Matland’s model, the findings suggest that successful implementation is directly related to the policy characteristics of ambiguity and conflict. However, the authors point to the importance of recognizing particular characteristics for different groups of stakeholders within the policy implementation process. Discrepancies among groups of policy actors in the degree of policy ambiguity and policy conflict lead to strikingly different implementation strategies.     

法治政府的宪政诉求与宪政途径

法治政府建设是我国人民政治生活中的一件大事，法治政府的终极归宿在于维护民权，保障民生，顺乎民意，法治政府所体现的“民本”思想与完政理念完全契合，宪法作为根本大法对法治政府建设具有支配和指导作用，构建法治政府必须遵循宪法精神，反映完政诉求，在完政的框架之内运行。     

青少年依恋研究及其新进展

依恋是亲密关系提供的强烈、持久和亲密的情感联系。早期经验的依恋形式深刻地影响着日后的人际关系和精神健康。本文回顾了四种传统的依恋理论，对其进行了比较和评价，并从认知、人格、神经生理等新视角解释依恋，介绍了依恋的跨文化研究、依恋在精神病理学方面的研究所取得的新成果，最后指出了依恋研究尚待解决的问题。     

现行反垄断法中关于行政垄断的几个问题

要保护市场竞争，既要反对经济垄断，又要反对行政垄断。反垄断法对行政垄断的构成、形式范围、救济与责任等问题作了规定。立法对行政垄断构成的规定相对比较科学，但其他方面的规定尚有待进一步完善。     

科级干部成长规律及其需求探析——以烟台为例

政治路线确定之后，干部就是决定的因素。科级干部工作在基层，一方面掌握党的路线方针政策，一方面又直接面对民众，参与社会基层活动，是党的路线方针政策的宣传者与执行者。因此，研究分析科级干部的成长规律．是造就干部队伍的基础性工作。本文从科级干部的特点、成长的一般规律及成长需求等方面进行了初步探讨，以期比较准确地把握科级干部的职能定位，了解科级干部队伍各个方面的现状，更好地促进科级干部队伍建设。     

浅析欧盟对外"多边主义"战略

欧盟启动"南下"战略,欲建立"地中海联盟",并以其为推行对外"多边主义"战略的重要举措之一.欧盟对外"多边主义"战略在内涵上有三个特性,即制度性、效应性和功能性,突出为欧盟集体利益服务.与此同时,欧盟根据新的战略思想调整外交政策:在全球层面推行气候外交,在区域层面促进地区合作,在国家层面推进"多边主义"伙伴建设.欧盟外交战略调整将对国际关系产生重大影响.     

亚洲经济一体化——基于多国FTA战略角度

过去十年内,亚洲经济一体化取得了长足的发展,这一地区的主要经济体开始广泛地参与到区域经济一体化进程中。但是,由于历史纠葛、经济规模和发展水平差异,各方的区域经济一体化战略存在很大的差异。区域内外各方力量的博弈,更为亚洲经济一体化的未来发展增加了新的不确定性,也使得亚洲经济一体化开始逐渐偏离亚洲统一市场/大范围的区域FTA目标。唯有未来亚洲经济体经济实力格局发生变化,才可能从内部促成亚洲经济一体化回归其既定目标。