The determination of tetraalkyl lead compounds in petrol using combined gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry

The use of a gas chromatograph equipped with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer as a detector is described for the determination of tetraalkyl lead compounds in petrol. Generally, a significant variation in the ratios of the tetraalkyl lead species was observed in the samples studied, but in samples of petrol from service stations that had obtained their supplies from only one refinery, a small variation in the ratios was found.     

Book review

Andrew Linklater and the New Rhetoric in International Relations

Andrew Linklater, The Transformation of Political Community (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998), 263 pp.     

Democratization in turmoil? Elections in Hong Kong

The first SAR Chief Executive, Tung Chee‐hwa, in his speech at the SAR Establishment Ceremony, said: ‘Democracy is the hallmark of a new era for Hong Kong. The SAR Government will resolutely move forward to a more democratic form of government in accordance with the provisions in the Basic Law’. Butler, Penniman and Ranney, however, cautioned that ‘the critical difference between democratic and nondemocratic regimes is to be found in whether or not they hold elections, and if they do, what kind’. Indeed, electoral changes made to the 1998 LegCo elections are found to be anti‐democratic and retrogressive, as well as unnecessary. The authors conclude that electoral systems matter because they are one of the central mechanisms in modern democracies to give substance and content to democratic governance. If electoral systems are designed in such a manner that they obstruct the exercise of popular sovereignty, ride rough‐shod over the principle of political equality, undermine the extent of representation, complicate relationships of accountability as well as delimit opportunities for participation, then such systems should have little place in genuine democratic reform. To bring Hong Kong's democratization forward, a hard look at the electoral system, which should be more informed by the principles and practices of democracy will be mandatory.     

An epidemiological study on alcohol/drugs related fatal traffic crash cases of deceased drivers in Hong Kong between 1996 and 2000

This study is designed to evaluate the correlation between fatal vehicle crashes (FVC) and consumption of alcohol and/or drugs among drivers. Between 1996 and 2000 in Hong Kong, a total of 197 FVC cases of deceased drivers were investigated. The blood and/or urine samples of the victims were examined for the presence of alcohol and drugs. The 197 cases were then classified into two groups: single-vehicle crashes (SVC) and multiple-vehicle crashes (MVC). Out of the 106 cases for the latter group, alcohol and/or drugs were detected in 22 cases (21%) while the remaining 84 cases (79%) were regarded as no significant finding. As for the 91 cases in SVC group, 51 cases (56%) were positive for alcohol and/or drugs. The findings indicate that a driver consuming alcohol and/or drugs has a higher risk of being involved in a FVC. The most frequently detected drugs for SVC group (11 cases) were: 46% central nervous system (CNS) stimulants (including designer drugs like MDMA); 36% cannabis; 18% benzodiazepines and 9% ketamine. The detected drug for the only case in the MVC group was a CNS stimulant. The number of cases with ketamine, methamphetamine and MDMA detected has increased in recent years as these party drugs have gained popularity in Hong Kong.     

Impurity profiling of ecstasy tablets seized in Hong Kong by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

In Hong Kong, ecstasy tablets are more commonly known as "Fing Tau Yuen", literally meaning "Shake Head Pills". The tablets contain mainly amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) including 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), methamphetamine (MA) and/or ketamine. Adulterant such as caffeine was also detected in the tablets. This paper reports a study on the impurity profiles of ecstasy tablets from 89 seizures in Hong Kong from 2002 to early 2004. Tablet samples were extracted by diethyl ether under alkaline condition and then analyzed by gas GC-MS. The chromatograms obtained were compared. A total of 19 identified impurities were selected as markers for impurity profiling. They are different precursors, intermediates and by-products. The data matrices were examined by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and then the ecstasy tablets were classified into different groups. Cluster analysis of ecstasy tablets is shown to be capable of providing intelligence on clandestine laboratory networks.     

Conductive Activism: Anti-Sweatshop Campaigns across Hong Kong and Mainland China

This study looks at trans-border, anti-sweatshop campaigns and the transformation of cross-border activism between Hong Kong and mainland China. Examining two cases, it demonstrates the mechanism and processes of trans-border, anti-sweatshop campaigns and networks involving non-governmental agencies, student groups and workers. The study suggests that anti-sweatshop activism has been conductive and transferrable from Hong Kong to China in a way that has mobilised local civil society power, cultivated mainland activists and nurtured localised pro-labour activism. With Hong Kong activists acting as movement conveyers and mainland activists acting as adapters, anti-sweatshop activism has evolved. Once centred on marketplaces and consumers, it is now centred on production sites, and has moved domestic actors (including workers, students, scholars, media and consumers) from the margins to the centre. Anti-sweatshop activism has moulded itself to local contexts by rebuilding its strategies and tactics while coalescing with overseas networks to integrate strengths across the Hong Kong-Chinese border. Although the anti-sweatshop movement in China has its weaknesses, its evolution has the potential to gradually alter the power asymmetries between domestic and overseas activists.     

从"终身"走向"任期"——日本高校人事管理制度的思考

以1997年日本颁布《关于大学教师等的任期制的法案律》为标志,日本高校人事管理制度改革从"终身雇佣"制开始转向有选择性的"任期制"."终身雇佣"制度植根于日本传统的国家观念、"集体"思想以及移植德国的高等教育模式,对高等教育的发展产出了重要影响.伴随着社会发展环境以及行政改革的推进,有选择性的"任期制"逐步取代了"终身雇佣"制.这一转换过程充满了社会各种影响因素的制约,如何实现传统和现代的制衡、制度变革和教师权益保障的平衡等问题,成为关键.通过梳理日本高校人事管理制度的转变,提出一些适应我国国情的且较为科学合理的措施,以期来完善我国高校人事管理制度.     

从eBay案看美国专利保护趋势——兼论我国专利“停止侵权”责任方式

2006年,5月15日,美国联邦最高法院(以下简称“美国最高法院”)9名大法官全体无异议地做出终审判决,废弃了美国联邦巡回上诉法院(Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit,以下简称CAFC)就MercExchange诉eBay专利侵权案的二审判决,将该案发回重审。此前,美国弗吉尼亚东区联邦地方法院(US District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia,以下简称“地方法院”)拒绝就eBay专利侵权发布永久性禁令(Permanent Injunction),而CAFC推翻了地方法院的这一决定。     

24个Y-STR基因座在云南苗族人群中的序列多态性

目的研究法医学常用Y-STR基因座在中国云南苗族男性个体中的序列多态性。方法采用M48磁珠提取纯化试剂盒提取样本DNA,使用ForenSeqTM DNA Signature Prep试剂盒制备文库,Miseq FGx平台进行测序,ForenSeq Universal Analysis v1.2.1软件进行数据分析,用Arlequin v3.5软件计算各Y-STR基因座相关的统计学参数,将Y-STR基因座长度多态性与序列多态性进行比较。结果108名云南苗族个体中共检出106种单倍型,总体单倍型多样性(HD)和Y-STR分型系统的分辨能力(DC)分别为0.9993和0.9815。24个Y-STR基因座共检出204个基因,基因多样性(gene diversity,GD)值为0.2177~0.9481,15个Y-STR基因座的GD值大于0.6。DYF387S1、DYS390、DYS389II、DYS437、DYS438、DYS448、DYS612基因座存在长度相同的基因核心序列不同的情况。结论该24个Y-STR基因座在云南苗族男性人群中具有丰富的遗传多态性。研究结果可为Y-STR数据库的建立、群体遗传学和法医学实践提供参考。