全文获取类型
收费全文 | 20527篇 |
免费 | 1371篇 |
专业分类
各国政治 | 787篇 |
工人农民 | 689篇 |
世界政治 | 1605篇 |
外交国际关系 | 567篇 |
法律 | 14318篇 |
中国共产党 | 2篇 |
中国政治 | 133篇 |
政治理论 | 3684篇 |
综合类 | 113篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 100篇 |
2020年 | 415篇 |
2019年 | 472篇 |
2018年 | 536篇 |
2017年 | 626篇 |
2016年 | 654篇 |
2015年 | 561篇 |
2014年 | 583篇 |
2013年 | 1991篇 |
2012年 | 466篇 |
2011年 | 615篇 |
2010年 | 706篇 |
2009年 | 670篇 |
2008年 | 532篇 |
2007年 | 480篇 |
2006年 | 582篇 |
2005年 | 464篇 |
2004年 | 460篇 |
2003年 | 436篇 |
2002年 | 422篇 |
2001年 | 838篇 |
2000年 | 708篇 |
1999年 | 542篇 |
1998年 | 310篇 |
1997年 | 267篇 |
1996年 | 216篇 |
1995年 | 242篇 |
1994年 | 275篇 |
1993年 | 239篇 |
1992年 | 375篇 |
1991年 | 419篇 |
1990年 | 393篇 |
1989年 | 415篇 |
1988年 | 394篇 |
1987年 | 345篇 |
1986年 | 412篇 |
1985年 | 396篇 |
1984年 | 358篇 |
1983年 | 333篇 |
1982年 | 244篇 |
1981年 | 235篇 |
1980年 | 206篇 |
1979年 | 260篇 |
1978年 | 163篇 |
1977年 | 149篇 |
1976年 | 133篇 |
1975年 | 103篇 |
1974年 | 141篇 |
1973年 | 127篇 |
1972年 | 118篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
James D. Schmidt 《Law & social inquiry》2007,32(4):1027-1057
This article considers two recent books in the history of childhood, youth, and the law: Holly Brewer, By Birth or Consent and Stephen Robertson, Crimes Against Children . It argues that these works mark the emergence of age as a category of analysis in sociolegal studies. It calls for further investigations in the legal history of childhood and youth, outlines several areas of interest, and suggests that attention to age will alter how scholars look at the law by complicating key concepts such as innocence, authority, and citizenship. Studies of age and the law could benefit from cross-cultural and transnational approaches. 相似文献
32.
ROBERT S. SUMMERS 《Ratio juris》2007,20(1):66-76
Abstract. The paper replies to Bix and Soper ( Bix 2007 ; Soper 2007 ). Bix's paper raises methodological questions, especially whether a form‐theorist merely needs to reflect on form from the arm‐chair so to speak. A variety of methods is called for, including conceptual analysis, study of usage, “education in the obvious,” general reflection on the nature of specific functional legal units, empirical research on their operation and effects, and still more. Further methodological remarks are made in response to Soper's paper. Soper suggests the possibility of substituting “form v. substance” of a unit as the central contrast here rather than form v. complementary material or other components of a unit. Various reasons are given here for not doing this. Among other things, it is also argued here that form does not, contrary to Soper's suggestion, always follow substance. 相似文献
33.
COMPSTAT, the latest innovation in American policing, has been widely heralded as a management and technological system whose elements work together to transform police organizations radically. Skeptical observers suggest that COMPSTAT merely reinforces existing structures and practices. However, in trying to assess how much COMPSTAT has altered police organizations, research has failed to provide a broader theoretical basis for explaining how COMPSTAT operates and for understanding the implications of this reform. This article compares two different perspectives on organizations—technical/rational and institutional—to COMPSTAT's adoption and operation in three municipal police departments. Based on fieldwork, our analysis suggests that relative to technical considerations for changing each organization to improve its effectiveness, all three sites adopted COMPSTAT in response to strong institutional pressures to appear progressive and successful. Furthermore, institutional theory better explained the nature of the changes we observed under COMPSTAT than the technical/rational model. The greatest collective emphasis was on those COMPSTAT elements that were most likely to confer legitimacy, and on implementing them in ways that would minimize disruption to existing organizational routines. COMPSTAT was less successful when trying to provide a basis for rigorously assessing organizational performance, and when trying to change those structures and routines widely accepted as being "appropriate." We posit that it will take profound changes in the technical and institutional environments of American police agencies for police departments to restructure in the ways anticipated by a technically efficient COMPSTAT. 相似文献
34.
35.
Barry S. Levitt 《拉美政治与社会》2006,48(3):93-123
This article evaluates the effectiveness of OAS mechanisms for safeguarding democracy through multilateral diplomacy, what some scholars have dubbed the interamerican defense of democracy regime. Drawing on a range of international relations theories, this study derives competing hypotheses about member states' responses to democratic crises in the Americas. It then analyzes all instances in which a collective response—that is, an application of Resolution 1080 or the Inter-American Democratic Charter—was debated in the OAS between 1991 and 2002. Patterns of state behavior suggest that domestic politics, rather than the structural or systemic traits of the interamerican system, best explain foreign policy responses to crises of democracy in the region. The OAS record in confronting such crises is uneven. 相似文献
36.
37.
Although there has been speculation regarding the pervasiveness and nature of judicial decisions regarding life-sustaining medical treatment (LSMT), no attempt has been made to empirically assess their prevalence or the issues they address. An exploratory study utilizing a mail survey of a nationwide random sample (N = 905) of state trial court judges was conducted to provide initial information regarding this decision-making process. Twenty-two percent of the responding judges had heard at least one LSMT case, and judicial review did not appear endemic to particular states. The number of judges hearing LSMT cases dropped from 1975 to 1981 but has increased since then. Three major issues predominate: patient competency, appointment of a surrogate decisionmaker, and resolution of the ultimate issue of forgoing LSMT. Relatively few cases either contested a prior directive's validity or involved imposing sanctions for instituting or forgoing LSMT. Although subject to different interpretations, the results suggest the courts are having a significant impact on certain aspects of the LSMT decision-making process. However, the infrequency with which any one judge is called upon to make an LSMT decision causes concern about the judiciary's ability to respond in a timely and appropriate manner. With their potential for a profound effect on the actions of health care providers, greater attention to this decision-making process is warranted. 相似文献
38.
The remains of an unidentified female neonate were discovered in a field in central Missouri. Examination revealed bilateral absence of the parietal bones. A search of the literature describing similar defects suggests that the present case represents a unique condition, described here for the first time. 相似文献
39.
40.
Research has indicated that school factors such as communal school organization and student bonding are predictive of school disorder, with greater communal organization and greater student bonding leading to less delinquency and victimization. Data from a nationally representative sample of 254 public, nonalternative, secondary schools were used to examine structural equation models representing hypothesized relationships among communal school organization, student bonding, and school disorder. The hypothesis that communally organized schools would have less disorder held true for teacher victimization and student delinquency, but not for student victimization. In addition, the hypothesis that the relationship between communal school organization and school disorder would be mediated by student bonding was supported for student delinquency, but not for teacher victimization. 相似文献