Die kleine Novelle zur Anpassung des BNatSchG an das europäische Recht

Zusammenfassung Durch Urteil vom 10. Januar 2006 hat der Europ?ische Gerichtshof die Umsetzung der Vogelschutz-Richtlinie (V-RL) und der FFH-Richtlinie (FFH-RL) beanstandet, insbesondere der Projektbegriff der FFH-Vertr?glichkeitsprüfung sowie bestimmte Freistellungen von den artenschutzrechtlichen Verboten wurden als europarechtswidrig verworfen. Die Korrektur dieser M?ngel ist durch die sog. kleine Novelle des Bundesnaturschutzgesetzes erfolgt. Nachfolgend werden die ?nderungen des Artenschutzrechts sowie die Auswirkungen der Aufhebung des Projektbegriffs vorgestellt.     

Lehrer,Sabbatical, Pensionsbeiträge

Die durch § 12g GehG 1956 bewirkten Reduktionen der Bezüge des Lehrers w?hrend seines Sabbaticals gem § 78e iVm § 213a BDG 1979 stellen "durch die Herabsetzung entfallene Bezüge und Sonderzahlungen" im Verst?ndnis des § 116d Abs 3 S 1 GehG 1956 dar.     

Gebührenanspruch des Sachverständigen,keine telefonische Geltendmachung

Bei der Geltendmachung eines Gebührenanspruches eines nichtamtlichen Sachverst?ndigen handelt es sich – im Hinblick auf die durch § 38 Abs 1 GebAG 1975 vorgegebene Frist – um ein "Anbringen", das an eine Frist gebunden und somit iSd § 13 Abs 1 zweiter Satz AVG schriftlich einzubringen ist. Von diesem Grundsatz der Schriftlichkeit macht jedoch § 38 Abs 1 erster Satz GebAG 1975 insofern eine Ausnahme, als dort ausdrücklich (und im Einklang mit § 13 Abs 1 erster Satz AVG) auch die mündliche Antragstellung erm?glicht wird. Eine telefonische Antragstellung – wie im § 13 Abs 1 erster Satz AVG gesondert erw?hnt – ist jedoch vom Gesetz nicht vorgesehen, sodass § 13 Abs 1 letzter Satz AVG nicht heranzuziehen ist.     

THE TYPOLOGY OF FISCAL DECENTRALISATION SYSTEM: A CLUSTER ANALYSIS APPROACH

The article suggests a novel theoretical framework for empirical measurement of fiscal decentralisation by taking the viewpoint that fiscal decentralisation should be regarded as a system. Then, we review in detail several institutional arrangements regarding fiscally decentralised systems including the following: federal versus unitary state, numbers of tiers of governments, taxing power, borrowing power and independence of local officials. After identifying these institutional arrangements, we can group different countries with similar institutionally fiscal decentralisation systems together in broad categories by using cluster analysis. This analysis reveals a typology of fiscally decentralised systems (FDS): high expenditure/revenue assignment FDS, low expenditure/revenue assignment FDS, revenue transfer FDS, most complete FDS, politically centralised FDS and unitary state FDS. We then employ regression analysis to examine the performance for each type of fiscal decentralisation system. Our empirical findings suggest that most complete FDS is positively associated with selective economic performance as well as various public governance indicators. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Retropharyngeal Hematoma Secondary to Cervical Spine Surgery: Report of One Fatal Case

A 53‐year‐old woman suffering from radicular pain due to cervical herniation underwent a spinal surgery consisting of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with an implantable titanium cage. Five hours after the procedure, the patient developed cervical swelling and dyspnea. An emergency surgery permitted evacuation of a deep cervical hematoma and intubation of the patient, who died some minutes later. The family of the deceased lodged a complaint with the public prosecutor because of unclear circumstances of death. After analysis of the medical records by two forensic pathologists, a medicolegal autopsy was ordered. Massive retropharyngeal and mediastinal hematomas were diagnosed. Pathological study confirmed acute cervical hemorrhage, but failed to detect the source of bleeding. The forensic pathologists concluded that death was due to mechanical asphyxia secondary to pharyngeal compression by the cervical hematoma. To the best of our knowledge, death secondary to retropharyngeal hematoma in this neurosurgical context is rarely encountered.     

Environmental Technology Transfer and Dissemination under the UNFCCC: Achievements and New Perspectives

Response to climate change will critically depend on the cost, performance, and availability of technologies that can lower emissions, mitigate, and adapt to climate change. Technological innovation can furthermore lower the cost of achieving environmental objectives. However, and although issues of technology transfer have been central to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) since the negotiation of the convention, there is still an urgent need for effective environmental technology diffusion. Building upon lessons learned from technology transfer activities under the Clean Development Mechanism and the Global Environment Facility, the article suggests three possible solutions for enhanced environmental technology diffusion within the UNFCCC regime. First, it advocates in favor of a simplification of the transfer scheme within the convention's bodies, in order to save resources and better allocate responsibilities. Second, it makes some recommendations with respect to technology transfer through the Green Climate Fund. Third, it suggests that the creation of an environmental patents’ pool would help to ensure access to key environmental technologies. To this respect, the article concludes that in order to ensure the full participation of the private sector, right holders should be paid a fair royalty. Therefore, a model where rights would be bought out and then made available to parties through a patent pool is recommended.     

Rechtzeitigkeit einer Berufung per E-Mail ohne Betreff

Eine Berufung ist iSd § 63 Abs 5 AVG dann eingebracht, wenn sie bei der Beh?rde tats?chlich eingelangt ist, was bei einer E-Mail-Sendung dann der Fall ist, wenn sie von einem Server, den die Beh?rde für die Empfangnahme von an sie gerichteten E-Mail-Sendungen gew?hlt hat, empfangen wurde und sich damit im "elektronischen Verfügungsbereich" der Beh?rde befindet. Wurde ein E-Mail vom Beh?rdenserver empfangen und gelangte es somit in den "elektronischen Verfügungsbereich" der Beh?rde, dann kann der Hinweis in der Antwort der Beh?rde, E-Mails ohne Betreff würden nicht entgegengenommen, an der Rechtzeitigkeit der Berufung nichts mehr ?ndern.     

Insomnia, nightmare frequency, and nightmare distress in victims of sexual abuse: the role of perceived social support and abuse characteristics

In this study of victims of sexual abuse, the aim was to investigate the role of perceived social support and abuse characteristics in self-reported insomnia, nightmare frequency, and nightmare distress. Four hundred sixty Norwegian victims of sexual abuse completed a questionnaire assessing perceived social support, abuse characteristics, insomnia, nightmare frequency, and nightmare distress. Results show that higher levels of perceived social support were related to lower scores on all symptom outcome measures. Abuse involving oral, genital, or anal penetration was related to more insomnia symptoms. Longer duration of abuse and threatening conducted by the perpetrator were related to higher nightmare frequency, while threats and abuse involving penetration were related to higher degrees of distress associated with nightmares. In conclusion, the present study provides preliminary data indicating that perceived social support may affect the nature of sleep difficulties in sexual abuse victims. Also, more severe forms of sexual abuse are related to higher levels of sleep difficulties.