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Jeffrey L. Geller William H. Fisher Albert J. Grudzinskas Jr. Jonathan C. Clayfield Ted Lawlor 《International journal of law and psychiatry》2006,29(6):551
In American jurisprudence, two justifications have traditionally been put forth to support the government's social control of persons with mental illness: police power and parens patriae. As public mental hospitals became less available as loci in which to exercise these functions, governments sought alternative means to achieve the same ends. One prominent but quite controversial means is involuntary outpatient treatment (IOT). While the concerns about IOT have been myriad, one often alluded to but never documented is that of “net-widening.” That is, once IOT became available, it would be applied to an ever greater number of individuals, progressively expanding the margins of the designated population to whom it is applied, despite the formal standard for its application remaining constant. We tested the net-widening belief in a naturalistic experiment in Massachusetts. We found that net-widening did not occur, despite an environment strongly conducive to that expansion. At this time, whatever the arguments against IOT might be, net-widening should not be one of them. 相似文献
946.
Jörn Dosch 《Asia Europe Journal》2003,1(4):483-501
Recent development in Southeast Asia demonstrates a slowly but steadily changing security culture from, first, an informal, consensus-based and often hidden way of managing security to a more open and explicit discourse and, second, from a statist realist definition of security as hard or military security to a broader, liberal understanding that covers the whole spectrum of human, economic and environmental security. This security culture in the making also touches upon formerly tabooed issues such as sovereignty and humanitarian intervention. The paper argues that the new approach has removed obstacles in relations between Europe and East Asia and contributed to the emergence of security as a cornerstone of the co-operation agenda since 1998. At the same time, however, a rapid translation of the inter-regional discourse on security into a working programme or even specific policies is hindered by the prevalence of diverging views on the nature, scope and degree of institutionalisation in Europe-East Asia relations. 相似文献
947.
H Ryan Wagner Marvin S Swartz Jeffrey W swanson Barbara J Burns 《Psychology, public policy, and law》2003,9(1-2):145-158
Studies of involuntary outpatient commitment (OPC) among persons with severe mental illness have concluded that OPC is only effective in improving treatment outcomes when it is sustained for 6 months or longer and is combined with frequent outpatient services. This article explores factors that influence the delivery of outpatient services to subjects in a randomized trial of OPC and finds 2 general patterns. Outpatient visits were more frequent among all subjects with apparent clinical need, regardless of study assignment, and among subjects whose OPC was sustained beyond an initial court order. These results suggest that, in practice, sustained OPC represents a consensual agreement between clinicians and the court to more intensively address the complex needs of persons with severe and persistent mental illness. 相似文献
948.
A required part of the appellate review of death sentences in many capital punishment jurisdictions is comparative proportionality
review. This procedure requires the court to compare the death sentence under review with sentences in similar cases to determine
whether it is excessive. This article examines those death sentences from across the country that have been reversed on comparative
proportionality grounds. Relatively few death sentences have been reversed on these grounds, and the number of reversals is
decreasing. The reviews that reverse sentences infrequently compare only to other death sentences, commonly use a method that
requires more than a mere common aggravating factor for selecting comparison cases, and rarely use the frequency method of
comparative proportionality review. 相似文献
949.
Albert H. Rubenstein Eliezer Geisler Rasika Abeysinghe 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》1997,22(3):49-56
The conversion of R&D into commercial new products has long been considered a basic tenet of industrial innovation and competitiveness. This paper describes the key variables that affect the successful commercialization of new technologies in industrial companies. Drawing on the authors' own research and consulting experience with hundreds of US and foreign companies, the paper examines the more effective practices, identifies key barriers and problem areas, and provides some conclusions and implications for practicing managers. 相似文献
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