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1.
Stephanie Hartley Allysha Powanda Winburn Itiel E. Dror 《Journal of forensic sciences》2022,67(1):68-79
Subjective decisions make human cognitive processes more susceptible to bias and error. Specifically, research indicates that additional context biases forensic anthropologists’ morphological analyses. To address whether metric analyses are also subject to bias, we conducted a pilot study in which 52 experienced osteologists measured a difficult-to-classify human femur, with or without additional contextual information. Using a metric sectioning-point sex-estimation method, participants provided a sex estimate for individual skeletal element(s) and, when given multiple elements, the combined skeletal assemblage. Control group participants (n = 24) measured only the femur. In addition to the femur, bias group participants (n = 28) either measured a female humerus and viewed a female-biasing photograph (n = 14) or measured a male humerus and viewed a male-biasing photograph (n = 14). We explored whether the experts in the different groups would differ in: (1) femoral measurements; (2) femoral sex-estimation conclusions; and (3) final sex-estimation conclusions for the skeletal assemblage. Although the femoral measurements and femoral sex estimates were comparable across groups, the overall sex estimates in the female-biased group were impacted by contextual information—differing from both the control and male-biased groups (p < 0.001). Our results demonstrate that cognitive bias can occur even in metric sex-estimation conclusions. Specifically, this occurred when the metric data and single-element sex estimates were synthesized into an overall estimate. Thus, our results suggest that metric methods are most vulnerable to bias when data are synthesized into an overall conclusion, highlighting the need for bias countermeasures and comprehensive statistical frameworks for synthesizing metric data to mitigate the effects of cognitive bias. 相似文献
2.
This article builds on a Transparency International (TI)‐sponsored research study funded by the Dutch Government into the National Integrity System (NIS) in practice. The NIS is a framework approach developed by TI that proposes assessing corruption and reform holistically. The NIS not only looks at separate institutions or separate areas of activity or separate rules and practices, but also bases its perspective on institutional and other inter‐relationships, inter‐dependence and combined effectiveness. The study involved 18 countries, using in‐country researchers and an overview report. This article assesses the findings of the study to consider how the approach can work in practice, and what the approach can reveal about the causes and nature of corruption as well as the implications for reform. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
Laura M. Padilla-Walker Larry J. Nelson Stephanie D. Madsen Carolyn McNamara Barry 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2008,37(7):847-859
The purpose of this study was to gain a clearer understanding of the relation between parents’ knowledge of their emerging-adult
children and emerging adults’ risk behaviors. Participants included 200 undergraduate students between the ages of 18 and
25 (121 women, 78 men; M
age = 19.59, SD = 1.62) and both of their parents. Results revealed that knowledge of the emerging-adult child’s activities varied as a function
of parent- and child-reports, and that child outcomes associated with parental knowledge were generally positive, including
less drinking, drug use, and risky sexual behavior (although this varied as a function of reporter). The links between maternal
knowledge and lower drug and alcohol use were particularly strong in the presence of maternal closeness. Implications for
understanding the parent–child relationship during the transition to adulthood were discussed.
相似文献
Laura M. Padilla-WalkerEmail: |
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Valerie Francisco-Menchavez Jessa Delos Reyes Tiffany Mendoza Stephanie Ancheta Katrina Liwanag 《New Political Science》2018,40(2):404-417
Filipino immigrants and Filipino-serving community-based organizations (CBOs) in San Francisco work to meet community members’ immediate needs. At the same time, it activates political participation for Filipinos to make claims on traditional citizenship from the city agencies under an albeit xenophobic climate. Although city-level legislation marks San Francisco as politically progressive, Filipino community members experience the national anti-immigrant climate in the United States through a lack of services for integration. We argue that immigrants and CBOs develop “community citizenship” that link Filipino immigrants to local state services while engaging in community building activities that affirm the transnational identities of Filipinos as part of their (in)ability to participate politically in San Francisco. Through qualitative interviews from Filipino organizers and CBO staff, we argue that CBOs use Filipino core cultural values to facilitate collective responsibility for community members’ needs that is not only local but also always transnational under contradicting currents of liberal progressivism and neoliberal conservatism in the city and nationally. 相似文献
7.
Stephanie Athey 《Women's Studies: An inter-disciplinary journal》2013,42(5):713-715
An Independent Woman: The Life of Lou Henry Hoover, by Anne Besier Allen. Westport, CT: Greenwood P, 2000. Recovering the Black Female Body: Self‐Representations by African American Women, edited by Michael Bennett and Vanessa D. Dickerson. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 2001. Feminisms and Women's Movements in Contemporary Europe, edited by Anna Bull, Hanna Diamond, and Rosalind March. New York: St. Martin's P, 2000. Female Communities, 1600–1800: Literary Visions and Cultural Realities, edited by Rebecca D'Monte and Nicole Pohl. New York: St. Martin's P, 2000. Gender and Material Culture in Historical Perspective, edited by Moira Donald and Linda Hurcombe. London: Macmillan, and New York: St. Martin's P, 2000. Asian American Studies: Identity, Images, Issues Past and Present, edited by Esther Mikyung Ghymn. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2000. Out of the Past: Adventures in Film Noir, by Barry Gifford. Jackson, MI: UP of Mississippi, 2001. My Dangerous Desires: A Queer Girl Dreaming Her Way Home, by Amber L. Hollibaugh. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2000. Body Matters: Feminism, Textuality, Corporeality, edited by Avril Horner and Angela Keane. Manchester and New York: Manchester UP, 2000. The Recess, by Sophia Lee. Lexington, Kentucky: The UP of Kentucky, 2000. Women Performing Music: The Emergence of American Women as Instrumentalists and Conductors, by Beth Abelson Macleod. Jefferson, NC: McFarland &; Company, 2000. Unveiling Traditions: Postcolonial Islam in a Polycentric World, by Anouar Majid. Durham: Duke UP, 2000. The Loony‐Bin Trip, by Kate Millett. Urbana and Chicago: U of Illinois P, 2000. Thousand of Roads: A Memoir of a Young Woman's Life in the Ukranian Undergroud During and After World War II, by Maria Savchyn Pyskir, translated by Ania Savage. Jefferson, NC, and London: McFarland &; Company, 2001. A Woman's Way: The Forgotten History of Women Spiritual Directors, by Patricia Ranft. New York: Palgrave, 2000. Records of Girlhood: An Anthology of Nineteenth‐Century Women's Childhoods, edited by Valerie Sanders. England and United States: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2000. Battered Women and Feminist Lawmaking, by Elizabeth Schneider. New Haven: Yale UP, 2000. Food, Consumption, and the Body in Contemporary Women's Fiction, by Sarah Sceats. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000. Chaucer's Pardoner and Gender Theory: Bodies of Discourse, by Robert S. Sturges. New York: St. Martin's P, 2000. Consuming Anxieties: Consumer Protest, Gender, and British Slavery, 1713–1833, by Charlotte Sussman. Stanford, California: Stanford UP, 2000. 相似文献
8.
Noelle M. Hurd Fatima A. Varner Stephanie J. Rowley 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2013,42(10):1583-1595
Positive relationships with parents and nonparental adults have the potential to bolster Black adolescents’ socio-emotional well-being. Though each type of intergenerational relationship has been linked to more positive youth outcomes, few studies have examined the interactive influences of parenting and natural mentoring relationships on the socio-emotional development of Black youth. In the current study, we examined associations between involved-vigilant parenting and the psychological well-being and social skills of Black early adolescents (n = 259; 58 % female; mean age = 13.56, SD = .96) across types of natural mentoring relationships. Using K-means cluster analysis, we identified two types of mentoring relationships (less connected and more connected) based on relationship length, involvement, closeness, and frequency of contact. Youth with more connected mentoring relationships (n = 123) had higher psychological well-being and social skills than youth with no mentor (n = 64) or less connected mentors (n = 72). Youth without a natural mentor and youth with less connected mentors did not differ in their levels of social skills or psychological well-being. Structural equation modeling was conducted to determine if associations between involved-vigilant parenting and youths’ psychological well-being and social skills varied among youth with a more connected mentoring relationship in comparison to youth without a mentor or with a less connected mentor, controlling for participants’ gender, age, school, and parental education. The positive associations between involved-vigilant parenting and adolescents’ psychological well-being and social skills were weaker among adolescents with a more connected mentoring relationship in comparison to their peers without or with a less connected mentoring relationship. These results suggest that youth may be more strongly influenced by involved-vigilant parenting in the absence of a strongly connected natural mentoring relationship. 相似文献
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Jeri D. Ropero-Miller Ph.D. Hope M. Smiley-McDonald Ph.D. Stephanie A. Zimmer Ph.D. Katherine M. Bollinger M.S. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2020,65(2):544-549
In 2007, the Bureau of Justice Statistics reported on 2004 data collected from the Census of Medical Examiner and Coroner Offices (CMEC). The CMEC was one of the first comprehensive reports on the state of the medicolegal death investigation system in the United States and included information on administration, expenditure, workload, specialized death investigations, records and evidence retention, and resources. However, the report did not include responses on questions that were related to toxicology such as specimen retention and type of testing. The purpose of this publication is to provide the community with toxicology laboratory-specific responses from nearly 2000 medical examiner and coroner (MEC) offices. Data obtained from a BJS CMEC public use dataset for any remaining information that was not reported in the 2007 BJS report were evaluated specific to the operation of toxicology laboratories within a MEC office or specific to toxicology testing. The CMEC includes information on average operating budget for MEC offices with internal or external toxicology services, budget for toxicology/microbiology services, respondents’ routine uses of toxicology analysis, toxicology specimen retention time, average turnaround times, use of computerized information management systems, and participation in federal data collections. These historical data begin to address the present state of our nation’s toxicology laboratories within the medicolegal death investigation system and their preparedness for the current drug overdose epidemic. 相似文献