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941.
942.
Steven Gibens 《International Journal of the Legal Profession》2013,20(1):67-86
The legal aid movement started from the notion of social action. Today, legal aid constitutes a highly commodified field that continues to be dominated by jurists and lawyers. For this reason, the kind of critical reflection that already exists in social work is also required in relation to the notion of legal aid as envisaged by the legal aid movement. Justiciable problems necessarily manifest themselves in a social context. An evolving community, faced with increasingly complex issues, demands a multidisciplinary approach, as it becomes clear that the traditionally deterministic view of professions ought to be abandoned. A ‘socially responsible legal aid system’ therefore presupposes that various disciplines should mutually influence one another. Hence, the jurist and the social worker should not only work side by side, but they should also collaborate and mutually enhance one another's activities and approaches. There is a need for an overarching holistic approach that can reassert the legitimacy of legal aid. Looking at legal aid services in Belgium, one may conclude that a critical reflexive attitude on the part of current legal aid providers is crucial for attaining an effective socially responsible legal aid practice that stretches across the boundaries of different professional groups. 相似文献
943.
Steven Bastow 《Journal of Political Ideologies》2019,24(1):93-112
ABSTRACTThis article analyses late 19th-century French liberal socialist syntheses of liberty and equality, building on the existing body of literature on liberal socialism to illustrate the influence of the non-Marxist left on its development through a focus on the work of the Radical, Célestin Bouglé, and the Socialists, Benoît Malon and Charles Andler. The analysis of these thinkers demonstrates the ideological similarities of liberal socialisms of thinkers hailing from both the non-Marxist left and the new liberalism. A concluding section suggests that liberal socialism offers social democrats and progressive liberals an ideological heritage from which to pose a radical alternative to contemporary forms of neoliberalism. 相似文献
944.
ABSTRACT This article probes the return of the Muslim Brotherhood to prominence in 1970s Egypt through a systematic analysis of advertisements in the organization’s flagship periodical, al-Da?wa (The Call). In every issue of the magazine, which was published between June 1976 and October 1981, entreaties to proper conduct and appeals to Islamic solidarity appeared alongside advertisements for everything from Pepsi to breakfast biscuits to automobiles. We utilize the methodological insights of social and cultural historians to the value of advertisements to cast new light on the reconstruction of the Brotherhood, its relationship with the diverse institutions comprising the Egyptian state, and on how the Muslim Brotherhood’s vision of piety both reflected and challenged a changing economic reality. Moving beyond a story of the Brotherhood’s return as a product of independent Islamist enterprise that had emerged due to both the Gulf oil boom and Egypt’s economic liberalization programme, significant public sector advertising in al-Da?wa, especially prominent across the most valuable advertising real estate, underscores both internal divisions within the Egyptian state as well as the tangible ways that various state institutions were patrons of religious change. 相似文献
945.
AbstractClassic street-level bureaucracy literature has suggested that individual bureaucrats are shaped by their work group. Work group colleagues can impact how bureaucrats perceive clients and how they behave toward them. Building on theories of work group socialization, social representation, and social identification, we investigate if and how the attitude of individual street-level bureaucrats toward clients is shaped by the client-attitude of the bureaucrat’s work group colleagues. We also test whether this relation is dependent on conditions of attitudinal homogeneity and perceived cohesion of the work group. Results of a survey among street-level bureaucrats in the Dutch and Belgian tax administration (1245 respondents from 210 work groups) suggest that different mechanisms underlie the work group’s impact on the individual street-level bureaucrat in this specific attitude. The analysis furthermore reveals that work groups have a limited impact on the individual’s client-attitude. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
946.
Steven M. Chermak Joshua D. Freilich William S. Parkin James P. Lynch 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2012,28(1):191-218
This paper examines the reliability of the methods used to capture homicide events committed by far-right extremists in a
number of open source terrorism data sources. Although the number of research studies that use open source data to examine
terrorism has grown dramatically in the last 10 years, there has yet to be a study that examines issues related to selectivity
bias. After reviewing limitations of existing terrorism studies and the major sources of data on terrorism and violent extremist
criminal activity, we compare the estimates of these homicide events from 10 sources used to create the United States Extremist
Crime Database (ECDB). We document incidents that sources either incorrectly exclude or include based upon their inclusion
criteria. We use a “catchment-re-catchment” analysis and find that the inclusion of additional sources result in decreasing
numbers of target events not identified in previous sources and a steadily increasing number of events that were identified
in any of the previous data sources. This finding indicates that collectively the sources are approaching capturing the universe
of eligible events. Next, we assess the effects of procedural differences on these estimates. We find considerable variation
in the number of events captured by sources. Sources include some events that are contrary to their inclusion criteria and
exclude others that meet their criteria. Importantly, though, the attributes of victim, suspect, and incident characteristics
are generally similar across data source. This finding supports the notion that scholars using open-source data are using
data that is representative of the larger universe they are interested in. The implications for terrorism and open source
research are discussed. 相似文献
947.
Empirical studies of violence and mental illness have used many different methods. Current state-of-the-art methods gather
information from both subject and collateral interviews as well as official records. Typically these sources are treated as
additive. Any report of a violent incident from any source is treated as true and all reported incidents are added to generate
estimates of frequency. This paper presents a new statistical technique that uses the level of agreement between the sources
of data to adjust those estimates. The evidence suggests that, although the additive technique for using multiple sources
correctly estimates how many people are involved, it substantially underestimates the number of incidents. The new technique
substantially reduces both false negatives and false positives. 相似文献
948.
Goldberg S 《American journal of law & medicine》2007,33(2-3):229-237
949.
Morgan CA Hazlett G Baranoski M Doran A Southwick S Loftus E 《International journal of law and psychiatry》2007,30(3):213-223
OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the relationship between Eyewitness Accuracy regarding a person met under conditions of high stress and performance on a standardized, neutral test of memory for human faces. METHOD: Fifty-three U.S. Army personnel were exposed to interrogation stress. Forty-eight hours later, participants were administered the Weschler Face Test and then asked to identify the one interrogator who they had encountered 48 h earlier. RESULTS: A significant positive relationship was observed between performance on the Weschler Face Test and performance on the Eyewitness task. Inaccurate eyewitnesses exhibited more False Negative errors when performing the Weschler Face Test. DISCUSSION: Trait ability to remember human faces may be related to how accurately people recall faces that are associated with highly emotional circumstances. Detection probability methods, such as ROC curve analyses, may be of assistance to forensic examiners, the police, and the courts, when assessing the probability that eyewitness evidence is accurate. 相似文献
950.
Among the important determinations that aircraft crash investigators try to make is which occupant of an aircraft was attempting to control the aircraft at the time of the crash. The presence or absence of certain injuries of the extremities is used to help make this determination. These "control surface injuries" reportedly occur when crash forces are applied to a pilot's hands and feet through the aircraft's controls. We sought to clarify the significance of these injuries and the frequency with which their presence indicates that the decedent was the person that might have been trying to control the aircraft, questions that are frequently asked of the examining pathologist. We studied sequential fatalities of airplane and helicopter crashes in which autopsies were performed by the Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, excluding those that were known to have been incapacitated before the crash and those that were known to have attempted to escape from the aircraft, collecting 100 "qualified" crash decedents. The incidence of control surface injuries was determined for both pilots and passengers. The sensitivity and specificity of control surface injuries were calculated by classifying the decedents into a 4-cell diagnostic matrix. The positive and negative predictive values for control surface injuries were also calculated. Injuries that met the published definitions of control surface injuries had high incidences in passengers, as well as pilots, giving the term control surface injury a diagnostically unacceptable sensitivity and specificity for indicating "a pilot attempting to control an aircraft." We offer caveats and refinements to the definition of these injuries that help to increase the sensitivity and specificity of this term. 相似文献