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151.
Becoming “Copwise”: Policing,Culture, and the Collateral Consequences of Street‐Level Criminalization
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Forrest Stuart 《Law & society review》2016,50(2):279-313
Over the last four decades, the United States has witnessed a historic expansion of its criminal justice system. This article examines how street‐level criminalization transforms the cultural contexts of poor urban communities. Drawing on five years of fieldwork in Los Angeles’ Skid Row–the site of one of the most aggressive zero‐tolerance policing campaigns to date–the study finds that residents develop and deploy a particular cultural frame–“cop wisdom”–by which they render seemingly‐random police activity more legible, predictable, and manipulable. Armed with this interpretive schema, “copwise” residents engage in new forms of self‐presentation in public, movement through the daily round, and informal social control in order to deflect police scrutiny and forestall street stops. While these techniques allow residents to reduce unwanted police contact, this often comes at the expense of individual and collective well‐being by precluding social interaction, exacerbating stigma, and contributing to animosity in public space. 相似文献
152.
Stuart Kasdin 《Public administration review》2010,70(3):401-411
Is pork produced by feeble budgetary processes? By fixing weak budgetary procedures, can wasteful spending and opportunities for corruption be reduced? This essay looks at three varieties of pork: earmarked, ad hoc, and presidential. What can be done to curb the excesses of each one? By examining the problem of congressional earmarking, this timely article proposes a new process for controlling “earmarked” pork by supporting a new (constitutional) presidential line‐item veto/reprogramming. “Ad hoc pork,” generated by emergency or stimulus bills, is also analyzed. Its downsides can be fixed, according to the essay, by creating a preapproved roadmap for the appropriations process, thereby enhancing the quality of spending oversight. Finally, “presidential pork” derives from chief executives rewarding congressional allies and from government agencies allocating program resources so as to engender support from congressional members. This third variety of pork can be controlled if agencies improve their operational transparency plus strengthen their procedures for selecting projects. What happens when you put good people in a bad place, good apples in a bad barrel? Do the apples change the barrel, or does the barrel change the apples? —Philip Zimbardo, 2008 相似文献
153.
We experimentally test a rent seeking model under five levels of competition. At one extreme, a subject’s probability of winning a prize is equal to her share of the total expenditures. At lower levels of competition, a subject’s probability of winning is affected more by her own expenditures than by the expenditures of others. Predicted expenditure levels are positively associated with higher levels of competition. Consistent with previous rent seeking experiments, we find that subjects spend significantly more than the Nash equilibrium prediction at all levels of competition. However, expenditure patterns generally follow the Nash prediction; expenditures decrease as the level of competition decreases. Our experimental design also includes a lottery choice experiment to control for subjects’ risk preference. We find that subjects who are more risk averse spend significantly less in the contest and this effect is particularly strong for female subjects. 相似文献
154.
This article presents the case for Australian war crimes trials, following Australian participation in the invasion of Iraq
and the subsequent deaths of as many as a million Iraqi civilians. It focuses on jus in bello (war crimes) rather than jus
ad bellum (just war). The article sets out the argument and rationale that Australian war crimes trials are needed. Having
established the necessity, the article identifies two of the principal alleged atrocities for which Australian officials should
be held criminally accountable. It details Australian military support for the use of cluster bombs against civilians during
the 2003 invasion, and senior Australian military commanders’ responsibility for planning and carrying out multiple purported
war crimes during the attack on Fallujah in late 2004. The article recognises that, in order for Australian officials to be
prosecuted under the International Criminal Court (ICC), all domestic remedies must be first exhausted. It therefore specifically
addresses which Australian laws can be used, with particular emphasis on anti-terrorist legislation passed in 2002 under the
Howard Government and the introduction into Australia’s domestic federal criminal legislation offences equivalent to the ICC
Statute offences of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. These provide the most applicable legal tools for prosecuting
senior Australian officials for war crimes in Iraq. 相似文献
155.
The problem of domestic violence is widespread, with research indicating men and women both perpetrate a substantial amount of aggression. However, aggression perpetrated by women is a relatively understudied area compared to aggression perpetrated by men. Additionally, research is needed to determine the correlates of aggression perpetration among women, as this can inform more effective treatment programs. Thus, the current study sought to examine the association between trait anger and impulsivity and the perpetration of physical and psychological intimate partner violence (IPV) and general aggression among women arrested for domestic violence (N = 80). Findings indicated that both trait anger and impulsivity were significantly associated with aggression perpetration and trait anger mediated the relationship between impulsivity and aggression perpetration. Directions for future research and violence intervention programs are discussed. 相似文献
156.
Forrest Stuart 《Law & social inquiry》2011,36(2):327-353
This ethnographic article explores the manner in which the Los Angeles Community Action Network (LACAN), a grassroots organization made up of homeless and low‐income Skid Row residents, generates video evidence for use in lawsuits against the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). For marginalized communities fighting police abuse, the 1992 acquittal of four LAPD officers charged with the beating of Rodney King demonstrated that even the most “obvious” and condemning video evidence is subject to reinterpretation and reframing by skilled legal professionals. In response, LACAN has developed interactional filming strategies designed to constrain officers' ability to offer alternative explanations, while alleviating disparities in court‐recognized authority. In the tradition of legal consciousness scholarship, this article “de‐centers” the law by shifting emphasis from formal judicial decisions in the courtroom to citizen groups in their own communities, as they learn to use legal norms and conventions in social justice campaigns. 相似文献
157.
158.
The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) is currently the most widely used measure for identifying cases of intimate partner
violence within the hearing population. The CTS2 has been used successfully with individuals from various countries and cultural
backgrounds. However, the CTS2 had not yet been used with Deaf individuals. The goal of the present study was to investigate
the internal consistency reliability and the factor structure of the CTS2 within a sample of Deaf female college students.
Psychometric analyses indicated that subscales measuring Victimization of Negotiation, Psychological Aggression, Physical
Assault, and Injury proved both reliable and valid in the current sample. Three subscales did not evidence reliability and
the factor structure was not valid for Perpetration items. 相似文献
159.
Hagan MP Anderson DL Caldwell MS Kemper TS 《International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology》2010,54(1):61-70
This study looked at 12 juveniles in Wisconsin who were recommended by experts for commitment under Chapter 980, known as the Sexually Violent Person Commitments Act, but who ultimately were not committed. The purpose was to determine the accuracy of these assessments and risk for sexual reoffending for juvenile sexual offenders. The results found a rate of 42% sexual recidivism among these individuals, with a 5-year at-risk period. This figure is in contrast to the low rates of sexual recidivism reported in the general juvenile sexual research. This provides evidence that the capability to assess the risk in juvenile sexual re-offending may at times be higher than previously estimated. Implications of these unusual results are discussed. 相似文献
160.