Police crackdown on Christiania in Copenhagen

A recent change in Danish cannabis control policy has had significant implications for the structure of the retail-level cannabis market in Copenhagen. A process of restructuring following an crackdown on ‘Pusher Street’ has involved at least four people getting shot and killed in what police describe as struggles for market shares. Combating the retail cannabis market was a top three priority for the Copenhagen police. The shift in policy started in 2004 when possession for personal use was up-penalized, from a discriminatory warning to an obligatory fine of 70 euros which was quadrupled in 2007. The law was immediately followed by an extensive police crackdown on Christiania’s open retail-market. Christiania has had a cannabis market for 32 years. As cannabis use rates rose throughout the ‘90’s the market flourished. On a given day it’s estimated turnover was around 20 k, about twothirds of the total market in Copenhagen. On the 16th of May 2004 police raided ‘Pusher Street’ and arrested 60 dealers and their helpers along with 20 people accused of forming an organized lookout corps. After the initial raid police implemented a zero-tolerance zone in the area and targeted users in a deterrent effort issuing a total of 4834 fines in a year. Maintaining the zero tolerance zone has so far involved 12 big confrontations with the inhabitants of Christiania. 114 police officers have been injured and 29 formal complaints of police conduct have been lodged with the State Attorney. Following the crackdown the cannabis market adapted by dispersing and applying new methods for retail dealing.     

死亡大鼠看家基因mRNA时序性降解的组织差异性研究

目的研究死亡大鼠看家基因mRNA时序性降解的组织差异性,评价其用于死亡时间推断的价值。方法SD大鼠20只分为死后0、1、3、5、7d共5组,脊椎脱臼法处死大鼠,提取大鼠心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑组织,在相应时间段提取RNA,应用一步法RT-PCR技术检测各组织中看家基因GAPDHmRNA和β-actinmRNA的水平,Vilber凝胶图像分析系统测定扩增产物IOD值,SPSS10．0统计软件对数据进行方差分析。结果GAPDHmRNA、β—actinmRNA扩增产物相对灰度与积分光密度值随死后经过时间的延长而逐渐减小,且与死亡时间显著相关,大鼠脾脏和脑组织GAPDHmRNA和β-actinmRNA在死后5d内可检出,心脏和肾脏在死后3d内可检出,而肝脏和肺脏GAPDHmRNA和β-actin mRNA降解较快,仅在死后1d内可检出。结论脑组织和脾脏中mRNA稳定性较好,适用于PMI特别是晚期PMI的推断。除环境温度外,环境湿度也是死亡时间推断中的重要影响因素。     

实时RT-PCR检测大鼠死后管家基因mRNA的时序性降解

目的研究实时荧光定量RT—PCR方法检测死亡大鼠管家基因mRNA时序性降解的可行性,为死亡时间（Dostmortem interval,PMI）推断寻找新的研究手段。方法应用SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量RT—PCR技术．检测死后不同时间大鼠脑和脾中管家基因GAPDHmRNA及β—actinmRNA的水平,结果用循环阈值（简称Ct值）表示,分析死后经过时间与Ct值的线性关系,并建立死亡时间推断回归方程。结果GAPDH mRNA和β—actinmRNA的Ct值均与PMI之间存在显著的相关性。结论SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量RT—PCR在定量分析mRNA降解的研究中是一个较理想的技术手段。选用管家基因作为PMI推断的研究对象,可在法医检案中消除其他基因因为个体差异带来的误差,更具实用性。Ct值作为动态监测机体死后不同时间点的客观指标．与死后不同时间点的线性关系良好,推断死后经过时间尤其是晚期死亡时间较为理想。     

Sequential lineup presentation: Patterns and policy

Sequential lineups were offered as an alternative to the traditional simultaneous lineup. Sequential lineups reduce incorrect lineup selections; however, the accompanying loss of correct identifications has resulted in controversy regarding adoption of the technique. We discuss the procedure and research relevant to (1) the pattern of results found using sequential versus simultaneous lineups; (2) reasons (theory) for differences in witness responses; (3) two methodological issues; and (4) implications for policy decisions regarding the adoption of sequential lineups.     

Public policy and sequential lineups

The claim that sequential lineups are superior to simultaneous lineups and that our knowledge of sequential lineups is sufficient to warrant their being required by law is reviewed for the validity of both strong and weak claims of sequential superiority, adherence to principles of research design, and the needs of public policy. We conclude, (1) there is little evidence to support the claim that sequential presentation of photos is responsible for lower levels of false identifications, (2) the evidence is weak that the aggregation of factors commonly labeled as the sequential lineup together produce lower levels of false identifications without additional offsetting effects, (3) much of the literature contains several confounds in research design and additional offsetting effects that question its overall utility, (4) recent research shows that the superiority of sequential lineups is restricted to specific ranges on other study design variables, and (5) the corpus of research on sequential lineups does not satisfy the needs of policy sufficiently to justify its mandated use as the required identification procedure throughout the criminal justice system.     

论我国刑事诉讼领域亟待培育的信任机制

我国古代过于发达的"人情世界"扼杀了人们对刑事诉讼的信任. "人情交涉"的历史延续决定了我国当下刑事诉讼领域信任机制的依然缺失.刑事诉讼法的亟待完善决定了我国刑事诉讼领域信任机制培育的势在必行.我国在刑事诉讼领域培育信任机制,应该在继续完善刑事诉讼法的同时,将高等教育的大众化与法学教育的职业化有机结合起来,实现社会主体对刑事诉讼的真正信任,实现社会主体对刑事诉讼法的虔诚信仰.     

环境法“生态人”人性预设之否定——基于西方法律人性预设演进的视角

法律的人性预设的基本要求一是必须注意区分法律的人性预设与伦理道德的人性要求,二是必须基于对现实客观的人性标准的认识。作为法律的环境法的人性预设既应区分“环境法的人性预设”和“环境伦理的人性要求”,又必须准确把握现实人的人性标准。以这样的基本要求为工具审视环境法理论界的“生态人”理论,就能看出学者们共同采用了“应然模式”,没有注意区分“环境法的人性预设”与“环境伦理的人性要求”,且普遍存在不忠实于现实人性,不符合环境法人性预设的基本要求。所以,现阶段不宜直接将“生态人”作为环境法的人性预设。     

Cross border North Korean women trafficking and victimization between North Korea and China: An ethnographic case study

This is a case study on the trafficking of North Korean women via the interviewing of women trafficking victims. The study has an explorative nature. Its primary goal is to address the issues of the cross-border trafficking of North Korean women. In doing so, this research will describe the current picture of cross-border North Korean women trafficking operation between North Korea and China. It will uncover the identity and characteristics of traffickers, the identity and characteristics of victims and contributing factors of their victimization, and the cross-border trafficking routes and procedural networks of trafficking operation. The findings of the current study shows that the problem of North Korean women trafficking is worth being paid attention by the international community and that appropriate counter-measures need to be implemented. Also, this study hopes to facilitate more empirical research on this topic.     

预算草案初审的制度与实务探讨

预算草案初步审查是一项日益显得重要和有待于深入探索与推进的工作.在人大预算审查监督的整个运行程序中,预算草案初步审查工作处于第一道环节,是各级人民代表大会审查预算的基础和依托.适应形势发展需要、深入开展预算草案初步审查工作,既要分析从预算法到全国人大常委会、各省(市、区)人大及其常委会有关预算审查监督立法中关于预算草案初步审查的内容和规定,也要对预算草案初步审查工作的现状进行探讨.在此基础上,提出完善制度和改进工作的建议,以期对推进预算草案初审工作有所裨益.