浮游生物PCR检测及其在溺死鉴定中的研究进展

溺死鉴定是法医学中的重点和难点之一,目前在相关法医学案件中,主要采用法医病理学尸检与传统硅藻检验等方法综合分析进行鉴定。传统硅藻检验存在灵敏性较低,易于污染等不足。采用PCR法检测尸体不同脏器组织中是否存在水中浮游生物的DNA标记,适用范围广,信息量丰富,灵敏性和特异性较高,有较好的法医学应用前景,有望成为鉴定溺死的新方法。本文对相关研究进展进行综述,为相关研究和实践参考。     

司法解释的建构理念分析以商事司法解释为例

在当前的司法解释形成过程中,存在一些值得注意的制度建构理念与方式,如过多地基于推理启动具体的司法解释形成过程,先创设"立法政策"然后顺此制定司法解释,试图通过司法解释实现社会利益一般调整却超越其本身的权限与能力等等。这些做法影响具体司法解释的制度生长趋向与内容选择,并导致司法解释的定位逾矩与功能紊乱。为完善司法解释形成机制以确保司法解释优化质量,须强调基于审判经验启动具体的司法解释的形成过程,以顺应立法政策作为具体司法解释的政策取向原则,以实现法律的技术完善作为具体司法解释的建构重心。     

公平与效率结合的典范——《兰哈姆法》商标权取得制度管窥

在商标权取得制度上,美国是实施使用原则的少数国家之一。1946年美国颁布的《兰哈姆法》在使用原则的基础上引入了注册原则内容。但由于《兰哈姆法》规定的"实际使用"注册程序存在不足,导致了商标投资风险、注册申请时内外有别以及理论和实践的不统一等一系列问题。对此,美国在1988年对《兰哈姆法》进行了修正,并在注册程序上增加了"意图使用"内容,从而弥补了"实际使用"的不足。对我国而言,《商标法》中实施的注册原则近乎绝对,过于缺乏使用原则的内容,因此,我国应重新构建商标权取得制度,以期达到公平与效率兼顾的效果。     

Simultaneous determination of creatinine and uric acid in urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with polarity switching electrospray ionization

A simple liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to simultaneously determine creatinine (Cr) and uric acid (UA) levels as a confirmatory method for adulteration or dilution of urine. Centrifuged urine samples (10μL) were diluted with 390μL of distilled water. 30μL of internal standard solution (Cr-d(3), 5μg/mL) and 10μL of acetonitrile were added to 20μL aliquots of diluted urine samples and filtered. The samples (1μL) were introduced into LC-MS/MS with no further pretreatment. Cr and UA were separated on a multi-mode ODS column (Scherzo SM-C18, 75mm×2.0mm I.D., 3μm) and quantified by LC-MS/MS with polarity-switching electrospray ionization. Cr requires the positive-ion mode, whereas the negative-ion mode is required for the analysis of UA. The linear ranges were 1.0-300mg/dL for Cr and 0.5-300mg/dL for UA, with good determination coefficients (R(2)≥0.9988). The intra-day and inter-day precision of the analytes was within 13.0% and 14.4%, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day accuracy was -8.8 to 3.7% and -0.3 to 6.6%, respectively. The lower limits of detection (LLODs) were 0.3mg/dL for Cr and 0.07mg/dL for UA. The applicability of the developed method was examined by analyzing urine samples from suspected drug abusers (n=46).     

Neoliberalism,Transnational Education Norms,and Education Spending in the Developing World, 1983–2004

Using the case of education, we consider how global cultural and economic forces affect national education spending policies. Our analysis includes both an historical analysis of the construction and transformation of ideas about education at the global level and a statistical assessment of the implementation of conflicting approaches to state education funding within countries. In the historical analysis, we show how the idea of free education, although institutionalized in international law, was subject to powerful challenges from international financial institutions, which advocated user fees for public services, including education. Ultimately, the principle of free education prevailed despite the financial clout behind the opposing view. Using data from poor‐ and middle‐income countries from 1983 to 2004, we also show that the presence of international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) advocating child rights was linked to an increase in the levels of state funding for education. This suggests that embeddedness in global discourses, as evidenced by country‐specific linkages to INGOs, is critical in making governments more accountable for supporting institutionalized ideas concerning education.     

Rapid and simple GC-MS method for determination of psychotropic phenylalkylamine derivatives in nails using micro-pulverized extraction

A rapid and simple gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous detection and quantification of five psychotropic phenylalkylamines (amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and norketamine) in toenails. After external decontamination, nail clippings were mechanically pulverized with a bead mill and then incubated in methanol under ultrasonication at 50°C for 1 h. The resulting solutions were evaporated to dryness, derivatized, and analyzed by GC-MS. The intra- and inter-day precisions were within 10.7% and 13.9%, respectively. The intra- and inter-day accuracies were -4.2% to 5.0% and -2.4% to 8.4%, respectively. Limits of detection and quantification for each analyte were lower than 0.024 and 0.08 ng/mg, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 80.6-87.5%. The results indicated that the proposed method is a simple, rapid, accurate, and precise for quantification of five phenylalkylamines in nails. The method was successfully applied to the simultaneous detection and quantification of phenylalkylamines in nail samples of possible drug abusers.     

Nurses, midwives and the requirement for "appropriate" professional indemnity insurance

The Health Practitioner Regulation National Law Act 2009 (the National Law) imposes the obligation on nurses and midwives to have appropriate professional indemnity insurance coverage as a condition of applying for, or renewing, their registration to practise in Australia. The National Law also empowers the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia to develop a registration standard and guidelines in relation to professional indemnity insurance and to enforce compliance through the registration process. Though not previously a requirement for their registration, nurses and midwives must now understand the nature and extent of the professional indemnity insurance under which they practise and declare that they will not practise their profession unless they have appropriate professional indemnity insurance arrangements which cover the full scope of their practice. This column provides an overview of the obligations and responsibilities imposed on nurses and midwives under the National Law and the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia's registration standard and guidelines. It is imperative that nurses and midwives understand the National Law provisions and the standard and guidelines developed by the Board before making decisions about their professional indemnity insurance and self-declaring that they have "appropriate" professional indemnity arrangements in place.     

从南岛语族看台湾与福建的关系

南岛语系（Austronesian language family）是世界上最大的语系之一,分布的地理范围北到台湾海峡两岸的中国东南沿海与台湾,南到纽西兰,东到秘鲁西边之复活节岛,西到非洲东岸的的马达加斯加岛,     

以分配正义推进社会进步

公平正义是一个社会体制分配各种资源时的根本原则,社会纷争和生产力破坏的缘由大多出于社会不公。中国的经济和社会在发展之中,经济增长是促进国民收入提高的重要手段,但仅有增长是不够的,还需要认真研究并解决分配正义的问题。这就需要认真地对待公民的权利,包括消极和积极的权利,解决言论、结社自由和民主参政的问题;坚持程序正义,克服各种特权现象,让公民们在就业、参政、进入市场等方面拥有平等的机会,克服各种人为的歧视;同时进一步落实实质正义,满足公民的各项福利权利,通过再分配机制,避免过大的社会收入差距。