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911.
Recent literature has shown that the long established link between economic performance and electoral outcomes is conditioned by a country's institutions and government, what is often termed ‘clarity of responsibility’. In this article two distinct dimensions of the clarity of the political context are identified: institutional and government clarity. The first captures the formal dispersion of government power, both horizontally and vertically. The second captures the cohesion of the incumbent government. Analysing survey data from 27 European countries, it is shown that voters' ability to hold governments to account, for both the economy and management of public services, is primarily influenced by the extent to which there is an identifiable and cohesive incumbent, whereas formal institutional rules have no direct impact on performance voting. 相似文献
912.
Susan Dicklitch 《Journal of contemporary African studies : JCAS》2011,29(1):49-62
Advocating for Anglophone succession in a predominantly Francophone country, the Southern Cameroons National Council (SCNC) purports to address Anglophone marginalisation. The Cameroonian regime, however, views them as terrorists. What is the likelihood of a peaceful secession or resolution of Anglophone grievances? This article examines the role of the SCNC in the struggle for minority rights in Cameroon, in the context of a failed democratic state. 相似文献
913.
Missotten LC Luyckx K Branje S Vanhalst J Goossens L 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(8):972-982
Adolescent identity and parent–adolescent conflict have each attracted considerable research interest. However, few studies
have examined the important link between the two constructs. The present study examined the associations between adolescent
identity processing styles and adolescent conflict resolution styles in the mother–adolescent dyad. Questionnaires about conflict
frequency and resolution were completed by 796 adolescents (66% female, mostly Caucasian) and their mothers. Adolescents also
completed a measure on identity styles. Each identity style was hypothesized to relate to a specific conflict resolution behavior.
Hierarchical regression analyses showed that the information-oriented identity style was positively associated with positive
problem solving and negatively with conflict engagement and withdrawal, the normative style was positively associated with
compliance, and, finally, the diffuse-avoidant style was positively associated with withdrawal and conflict engagement and
negatively with positive problem solving. Our results demonstrated that the way in which adolescents tackle identity-relevant
issues is related to the way in which they deal with conflicts with their mothers. Implications and suggestions for future
research are discussed. 相似文献
914.
Schwartz SJ Beyers W Luyckx K Soenens B Zamboanga BL Forthun LF Hardy SA Vazsonyi AT Ham LS Kim SY Whitbourne SK Waterman AS 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(7):839-859
Identity is a critical developmental task during the transition to adulthood in Western societies. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate an empirically based, cluster-analytic identity status model, to examine whether all four of Marcia's identity statuses (diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement) would emerge empirically, and to identify different patterns of identity formation among American college-attending emerging adults. An ethnically diverse sample of 9,034 emerging-adult students (73% female; mean age 19.73?years) from 30 U.S. universities completed measures of identity exploration (ruminative, in breadth, and in depth) and commitment (commitment making and identification with commitment), identity synthesis and confusion, positive and negative psychosocial functioning, and health-compromising behaviors. The identity status cluster solution that emerged provided an adequate fit to the data and included all four of Marcia's original identity statuses, along with Carefree Diffusion and Undifferentiated statuses. Results provided evidence for concurrent validity, construct validity, and practical applicability of these statuses. Implications for identity research are discussed. 相似文献
915.
Susan H. Horwitz Despina Mitchell Michelle LaRussa-Trott Lizette Santiago Joan Pearson David M. Skiff Catherine Cerulli 《Journal of family violence》2011,26(8):617-625
Since the recognition of domestic violence (DV) in the late 1970s, police officers have been frontline providers. Despite their changing role as a result of the criminalization of DV, little is known about their experiences and responses to this public health issue from their unique perspective. Via focus groups, 22 police officers discussed their scope of practice and emotional reactions to DV calls. Participants reported frustration with the recurring nature of DV and with the larger systems?? lack of accountability (e.g., courts, prosecution and community) that follow their initial interventions. Participants discussed the limitations of their role as protectors of public safety, attitudes that evolve over time and their beliefs as to contributing factors that perpetuate DV. Additionally, the officers recommend: more professional training, counseling, incident debriefing for officers including feedback on case disposition, better collaboration across professional groups, and evidence-based prosecution. Harsher penalties were also recommended. 相似文献
916.
Political risk frequently impedes the flow of capital into developing countries. In response, governments often adopt innovative
institutions that aim to attract greater flows of international investment and trade by changing the institutional environment
and limiting the risk to outside investors. One primary example of this is the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT), aimed specifically
at increasing the flow of foreign direct investment (FDI) to developing countries. Yet the literature in political science
and economics is inconclusive about whether or not BITs do indeed stimulate FDI, and it provides conflicting theoretical reasoning
for the claimed connection. This article argues that BITs do attract FDI to developing countries, but the story is a complicated
one. Two important factors must be taken into account. First, BITs cannot entirely substitute for an otherwise weak investment
environment. Countries must have the necessary domestic institutions in place that interact with BITs to make these international
commitments credible and valuable to investors. Second, as the coverage of BITs increases, overall FDI flows to developing
countries increase. However, although remaining positive, the marginal effect of a country’s BITs on its own FDI may fall
because of heightened competition for FDI from other BIT countries. Using data from 97 countries for 1984–2007, we provide
empirical evidence consistent with both of these theoretical claims. 相似文献
917.
Abstract: A 15‐year‐old male orally consumed an unknown but fatal amount of sustained release hydromorphone. He was naïve to opioid use. No other drugs or alcohol were involved. The cause of death was acute aspiration‐related bronchopneumonia, secondary to hydromorphone ingestion; the manner of death was accidental. Hydromorphone and hydromorphone‐3‐glucuronide were quantified in postmortem fluids by tandem liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The hydromorphone concentrations in the peripheral blood, urine, and vitreous humor were 57, 4460, and 31 ng/mL, respectively. The hydromorphone‐3‐glucuronide concentrations in the corresponding three fluids were 459, 36,400, and 40 ng/mL. Hydromorphone‐3‐glucuronide accumulation probably did not contribute significantly to the opiate toxicity. The proposed minimum lethal hydromorphone blood concentration in the nontolerant user is in the vicinity of 60 ng/mL. 相似文献
918.
Dennison SM 《Law and human behavior》2007,31(4):353-367
One of the issues arising out of the introduction of stalking legislation is how to distinguish between the kinds of courting
behaviours, reconciliations, termination of relationships and other social interactions that are within the ‘normal range’
and those behaviours that are perceived by the wider community as stalking. This study examined the impact of intent, persistence,
perspective and gender on perceptions of behaviours following the dissolution of a relationship. Responses of 868 community
members indicated that behaviour was only perceived as illegal when explicit evidence of intent was present rather than when
it was absent. Ratings for foreseeability of arousing fear were higher when explicit evidence of intent was present rather
than absent and when behaviour constituted a repeated rather than single episode. Participants were more likely to determine
that the behaviour of the actor would be repeated when the scenario depicted a repeat episode rather than a single episode.
Suggested target responses differed according to whether or not the scenario depicted explicit evidence of intent to arouse
fear. Results are discussed in relation to previous studies on community perceptions of stalking as well as the capacity of
the research to inform interpretations of stalking legislation. 相似文献
919.
920.
Otlowski M Barlow-Stewart K Taylor S Stranger M Treloar S 《Journal of law and medicine》2007,14(3):367-396
A major component of the Genetic Discrimination Project (GDP), an Australia-wide study to examine the advantages and disadvantages for individuals of having genetic information and cases of alleged genetic discrimination, is the analysis of insurers' use of genetic test results. The peak life insurance body, IFSA, had collected data through the Australian Institute of Actuaries (AIA) for the period June 1999-May 2003 from life insurance companies in Australia regarding their use of genetic test results in insurance underwriting. The GDP negotiated with IFSA and the AIA for access to this data for independent analysis. Applications from 288 individuals who had disclosed a genetic test result included products for cover for death, trauma/crisis, income protection/disability and total and permanent disablement. A total of 81% (234/288) contained usable data for analysis. These cases involved the genetic conditions haemochromatosis (71%), Huntington disease (12%) and breast/ovarian cancer (6%). In 49% of cases, the genetic test result was described as the only influencing factor and of these, 32% involved a "positive" genetic test result. Whilst underwriting in most cases appeared to be reasonable, the article highlights several cases involving disclosure of a positive predictive test result for breast/ovarian cancer that required further investigation. 相似文献