Content, Controversy, and Control: Politics and the Evolution of Antitrust Enforcement

Recent history of antitrust enforcement is often explained through the rise in the influence of economic efficiency. This history is better understood as evolution among three enforcement conceptions. Until the mid-1960s, the emphasis was advocacy, zealous prosecution to produce just outcomes. By the mid-1970s enforcement practice tended to follow academic standards. The 1980s saw a shift toward a democratic motivation guided by elected officials or appointees. Each conception both possesses philosophical legitimacy and generates rewards to proponents; both are necessary for a conception's adoption and success. We describe this policy evolution, concluding with observations on its merits and reversibility.     

The Saudi Counter‐Revolution II

Just as the Arab Spring blossomed, the al‐Qaeda‐led era of terrorism came to an end with the killing of Osama Bin Laden in his Pakistani lair by American special forces. We asked two of the most contentious experts on all things Islamic—Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Tariq Ramadan—to assess the meaning of these historic moments on the future. Amr Moussa, the leading candidate for Egypt's presidency, and Ehud Barak, Israel's defense minister, also offer their views. Two top former intelligence agents from MI6 and the CIA look at the next turn of events—the Saudi counter‐revolution.