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131.
Welfare reforms involve trade‐off between different accountability types, such as political, administrative, legal and social accountability. This variety of accountability types is used to investigate consequences of reforms in three different welfare services in Norway; social services, hospitals and immigration. The study finds that more complex, dynamic and layered accountability forms are emerging, but that there are some differences across reform areas. The reforms in immigration seem to change accountability relations the most in hospitals, administrative and political accountability is up against professional accountability, and we see that politicians lack overall capacity and have to rely on administrative accountability in social services. In order to analyze how reforms affect accountability relations one has to study both the formal and informal changes, as well as the relationship between politics and professionalism. 相似文献
132.
Tom Appleby 《Liverpool Law Review》2009,30(2):101-113
This paper examines the Marine and Coastal Access Bill as it was tabled on 8th December 2008. It explores the failure of the
Bill to include marine protection of over 3,000,000 km2 of the waters associated with overseas territories and Crown dependencies. It explains the necessity for close liaison with
the European Commission and with the devolved administrations in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales, where responsibility
for marine governance is not clear cut. It expresses some disappointment in the failure of the Bill to cover questions of
ownership of marine resources in particular the right to fish, which remains held under ancient and flawed common law rules.
The paper then investigates the content of the Bill, looking at the role and functions of the Marine Management Organisation
including licensing of fishing vessels, wind farm consenting/creation of safety zones, consents under the Wildlife and Countryside
Act, research, advice, assistance, training, and prosecutions. The Bill also establishes a framework for marine planning with
potential for the creation of marine plans and marine policy statements covering the waters of England and Wales to the edge
of the UK Exclusive Economic Zone. Such plans and statements will have persuasive effects on the organisations involved in
marine management, but will not be completely binding. The Bill creates powers to licence numerous activities and if necessary
delegate licensing function to the bodies such as the Marine Management Organisation. It also established new powers for the
creation of Marine Conservation Zones. The paper explores the narrow purposes for which these Marine Conservation Zones and
created, and contrasts these unfavourably with the draft Scottish Marine Bill, which permits Marine Conservation Zones for
such purposes as community interest. The paper also acknowledges that no target has been set for the creation of Marine Conservation
Zones, and raises some concerns over whether Marine Conservation Zones contain severe enough penalties, particularly in respect
of commercial fishing where there is a specific exemption for fisheries damage. The paper explores the function of the new
Inshore Fisheries Authorities which will replace existing Sea Fisheries Committees, but raises concerns that the new organisations
will still remain vulnerable to conflicts of interests because of their membership. 相似文献
133.
134.
Taina Laajasalo Noora Ellonen Julia Korkman Tom Pakkanen Olli-Pekka Aaltonen 《Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology & Crime Prevention》2020,21(1):103-111
ABSTRACT This study examines the recidivism rates of Finnish child sex offenders convicted in 2010 (n = 361) over a follow-up period of seven years. The results indicate that while reoffending for other types of offences was common (34%), offenders had very low sexual crime recidivism rates (1%). In terms of more persistent criminal careers, less than a quarter of the offenders had both a previous criminal history and at least one subsequent offence during the follow-up period. Offenders with child sexual abuse material-related crimes reoffended more rarely than did others. Study limitations and implications for policymaking, media and rehabilitation are discussed. 相似文献
135.
Tom Long SebastiÁn Bitar Gabriel JimÉnez-PeÑa 《Bulletin of Latin American research》2020,39(4):466-482
The study of Colombian foreign policy emphasises external constraints and presidential prerogative in foreign policymaking. Drawing on insights from recent foreign policy analysis literature and evidence from several cases (Plan Colombia, US military bases, free trade talks with China, and ICJ arbitration of a maritime border with Nicaragua), this article challenges commonplace presidentialist assumptions. A novel model of ‘contested presidentialism’ better captures how Colombian domestic actors mobilise to raise political costs to block or modify presidential preferences. When the opposition fails to raise costs, presidentialist assumptions apply. Otherwise, presidents respond strategically by abandoning policies or substituting second-best alternatives. 相似文献
136.
Tom L. Beauchamp 《The Journal of law, medicine & ethics》2004,32(2):209-217
Although there has long been a successful and stable marriage between philosophical ethical theory and bioethics, the marriage has become shaky as bioethics has become a more interdisciplinary and practical field. A practical price is paid for theoretical generality in philosophy. It is often unclear whether and, if so, how theory is to be brought to bear on dilemmatic problems, public policy, moral controversies, and moral conflict. Three clearly philosophical problems are used to see how philosophers are doing in handling practical problems: Cultural Relativity, and Moral Universality, Moral Justification, and Conceptual Analysis. In each case it is argued that philosophers need to develop theories and methods more closely attuned to practice. The work of philosophers such as Ruth Macklin, Norman Daniels, and Gerald Dworkin is examined. In the writings of each there is major methological gap between philosophical theory (or method) and practical conclusions. The future of philosophical ethics in interdisciplinary bioethics may turn on whether such gaps can be closed. If not, bioethics may justifiably conclude that philosophy is of little value. 相似文献
137.
138.
Tom Ginsburg 《Law & social inquiry》2002,27(4):763-799
This paper documents the recent emergence of constitutional review of legislative and administrative action in Korea and Taiwan, two East Asian countries seen to be historically resistant to notions of judicial activism and constitutional constraint. It argues that the ability to draw from foreign legal traditions, especially those of the United States and Germany, empowered judges in these countries and therefore helped to alter the structure of public law away from executive-centered approaches of the past. This is consistent with viewing judicial review as essentially a foreign transplant. Nevertheless, the institution of judicial review has some compatibilities with Confucian legal tradition, a point that has implications for how we think about institutional transfers across borders. By constructing a locally legitimate account of what is undeniably a modern institution of foreign origin, the paper argues that constitutional constraint should not be viewed as an imposition of Western norms, but as a more complex process of adaptation and institutional transformation. 相似文献
139.
The primary question addressed in this study is, What factors distinguish between adolescent mothers with school-aged children who are providing relatively supportive home environments for their children, and their peers who are providing less supportive care? Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth merged mother- child data set were used to address this question. Variables from four major categories were useful in identifying mothers who were at greatest risk for providing less supportive environments: (1) characteristics of the mother, (2) characteristics of the family of origin, (3) current SES level, and (4) the composition of the mother's household. 相似文献
140.