Who is responsible for what? Clarity of responsibilities in multilevel states: The case of Spain

There is a theoretical disagreement between the classical normative positive view on decentralisation, which states that the fragmentation of power shifts policy more closely into line with citizens' preferences, and a more recent critical view that states that decentralisation blurs attribution of responsibility. This disagreement can only be resolved by refining the understanding of specific institutional designs. The theoretical claim in this article is that the relation between multilevel governance and clarity of responsibilities is contingent upon the type of decentralisation in place. To test this proposition, individual data from an asymmetrically decentralised system – the Spanish State of Autonomies – are used. Results show that the relationship between decentralisation and clarity of responsibility has a u‐shape. Responsibility attribution is clearer in regions with high and low levels of decentralisation, where one level of government clearly predominates over the other, than in regions with a more intertwined distribution of powers.     

清代宁波商品市场研究

考察清代宁波的商品市场,可以从三个层面研究:宁波区域内部的商品市场,宁波与全国市场的商品流通;宁波商品的国际市场.     

‘No,buddy, I will not speak to the press – I am working!’: criminal justice and the interprofessional dynamics of communication production in the Chilean Public Prosecutorial Office

This article analyses the interprofessional dynamics of communication production in the criminal justice system. Through 26 in-depth interviews, we investigate the production of media information on prosecutorial work in Chile, tracking the relationships between internal communication agents, prosecutors, and external legal journalists. Previous scholarship has shown the success of police organizations in defining the content of crime communication based on asymmetrical power relations with the media. By contrast, our study reveals that legal journalists can bypass attempts to control the flow of information from the prosecutorial office and impose extra-organizational goals. Lawyers regularly dismiss the work of journalists, particularly those working as strategic communication advisors with prosecutors, but the asymmetrical relationship between the criminal justice agency and the media plays in favour of external legal journalists. Our article considers several explanations for this configuration, including interprofessional values, transactional relationships between journalists and prosecutors, and local legal culture.     

Churches,Sects and Communities: Social Cohesion Recovered?1

Abstract – Should the upsurge of Protestantism be seen as a community movement with a religious dimension, or as the expression of sectarian, inward-looking behaviour? Does it wipe out Indian specificity or does it rather help to rebuild community and identity? Does it strengthen citizenship or is it the bearer of an obscurantist authoritarianism? In the light of these questions, three waves of Protestant expansion are described in relation to missionary activity from the North. The relationship between Protestantism and modernity both at the level of the larger society and at the level of the local community are explored.     

Covert Pay Discrimination: How Authority Predicts Pay Differences between Women and Men

Research repeatedly highlights the gap between male and female earnings across the public and private sectors. The authors address an overlooked manifestation of pay discrimination against women in the labor market. Using a survey of 384 public sector chief procurement officers, they analyze the indirect effects of gender on women’s pay through the intervening variable of authority. Gender affects the amount of authority that is delegated to an employee, which, in turn, affects the variance in pay between men and women. Results reveal that gender plays a hidden role in influencing compensation levels by shifting the chain of authority given to executives as they build a career portfolio. The conclusion underscores why gender pay disparities should account for both the indirect and the direct effects of gender on pay.     

保心包贴膜体外抗菌作用观察

目的：研究保心包贴膜对引起化脓性感染细菌的抗菌作用。方法：用琼脂平板稀释法检测保心包贴膜对从患伤口分离得到的11种142株临床常见创伤感染致病菌最低抑菌浓度（MIC）、最低杀菌浓度（MBC）。结果：该药物对受试的11种病原菌都有不同程度的杀菌、抑菌作用。结论：保心包贴膜对局部皮肤化脓性感染具有良好的疗效。     

Barriers in Screening Women for Domestic Violence: A Survey of Social Workers, Family Practitioners, and Obstetrician–Gynecologists

Domestic violence (DV) is a pervasive and serious threat to women's lives and well-being. Medical social workers, family practitioners, and obstetrician–gynecologists are in key positions to screen and offer help. Florida NASW members and board certified family practitioners and obstetrician–gynecologists were mailed a psychometrically tested scale. A total of 388 surveys were analyzed. Education (especially the number of in-service hours) and the presence of institutional supports, decreased barriers to screening, increased screening behaviors, and lead to increased victim identification. Only 20.8% of participants always or nearly always routinely screened for DV; 24.0% reported that routine screening did not apply to their role. Self-Efficacy was the strongest predictor of screening behavior with Fear of Offending, Safety Concerns, CEUs/CMEs, and in-service hours contributing approximately equally to the prediction of screening behavior.     

太平天国在宁波

太平天国后期,在港口城市宁波建立了长达半年之久的政权,实施了一系列措施,整顿社会秩序,征收田赋,恢复和发展工商业,坚持独立自主的外交政策,不仅为洪仁玕的<资政新篇>方案实施提供了实践机会,而且为太平天国探索救国出路提供借鉴思路.     

Models of Municipal Budget Allocation: Empirical Data from Spanish Municipalities

The present work empirically analyzes diverse budgetary theories (incrementalism, garbage can, rational) in municipal cost programs, paying special attention to the utility of financial information in decision making. The sample analyzed corresponds to a set of Spanish city councils in the period 1996–2004, and the econometric methodology used is a dynamic panel data model. The main conclusion reached is that the budgetary allocation of municipal costs does not follow a random path; incrementalism is of particular importance, together with financial information variables. The utility of budgetary indicators is reflected in the fact that municipal managers adopt rational elements, although incrementalism remains the habitual behavior.     

大鼠颅骨材料力学和骨质参数的增龄性变化

目的 通过检测大鼠颅骨材料力学和骨质参数,探讨二者关系及其与年龄的相关性.方法 48只健康雄性SD大鼠按年龄分为2、4、6、8、17、26、52和104周龄组,每组6只.利用KDⅡ-0.2型微机控制电子万能试验机压缩右侧颅盖骨检测其材料力学参数(极限载荷、压缩强度、压缩模量),之后分离颅骨骨片进行Micro-CT系统扫...