The politics of preventing violent extremism: the case of Uganda*

Multilateral development actors have recently embraced the ‘PVE’ (preventing violent extremism) agenda. This includes consideration of PVE measures in countries like Uganda, where interpretations of non-state violence are contested and where the government has a history of strategic rent-seeking behaviour regarding counter-terrorism assistance. This article assesses the threat of terrorism and violent extremism in Uganda. We argue against a strategic reorientation towards PVE among development actors. Current and emerging threats do not justify a departure from existing development priorities. Importantly, consideration of the political context pertaining to PVE in Uganda commends a cautious approach.     

The welfare impacts of market channel choice by smallholder farmers in Tanzania

This article analyses the impact of market channel choice on household welfare by maize and pigeon pea smallholder farmers in Tanzania, using a multinomial endogenous treatment approach. The study utilises farm household-level data collected from a randomly selected sample of 700 smallholder farmers. The results show that participation with traders in nearby markets and wholesalers in nearby towns have a positive effect on consumption expenditure per capita relative to brokers at the farmgate, for both maize and pigeon pea-farming households. The study suggests that interventions that aimed at inclusion of smallholder farmers in more profitable markets could improve household welfare and reduce poverty among rural households.     

Ideology in Policy Debates: Congress and the S&Ls in the 1980s

Is a national value such as free enterprise relevant to congressional debates of important economic policy bills? This question was examined using debates of three reform bills that dealt with savings and loan industry problems in the 1980s. To employ free enterprise concepts in justifying policy stands challenged legislators because industry problems contrasted sharply in the early 1980s (overregulation) and later (excesses under deregulation). Research demonstrated, however, that free enterprise concepts dominated the earlier discussions and, intriguingly, were at the center of the 1989 debate about bailing out the industry and reforming it. The conclusion elaborates free enterprise's role and speculates about the influence of another national value on the S & L discussions. Enactment of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery Enforcement Act of 1989¹ capped a decade of congressional struggle with the question of how to treat the problems of federal savings and loan institutions. Popularly known as “thrifts” or “S & Ls,” their status became a matter of increasing concern to Congress as the 1980s unfolded and public indignation over a prospective government bailout of unprecedented proportions mounted. This article focuses on an aspect of this struggle that has a larger significance, namely, the place of national values2 in the genesis of important economic policy statutes. Given the predilections of American society, the value that tends to loom largest in major economic policy debates is popularly know as “free enterprise” or “the market economy.” One may reasonably object that U.S. capitalism operates under a “mixed economy” whose features include enterprises owned or sponsored by the federal government as well as government subsidies and regulation of private businesses. The short answer to this objection is that the term free enterprise is used here in a mythic sense and “myths are an essential starting place for insights into how values shape policy…” (de Neufville and Barton, 1987). In essence, this article examines the following questions: (1) Did congressional debates on proposed statutes relate provisions of the 1980, 1982, and 1989 bills to free enterprise concepts? (2) If so, what adjustments were made in these concepts for the sharply contrasting circumstances encountered by S & Ls in the course of the decade? and (3) How was the peculiar relationship of government deposit insurance of S & L accounts to free enterprise treated in the bills? Two background sections introduce the discussion.     

Optimizing group judgmental accuracy in the presence of interdependencies

Consider a group of people confronted with a dichotomous choice (for example, a yes or no decision). Assume that we can characterize each person by a probability, p _i, of making the ‘better’ of the two choices open to the group, such that we define ‘better’ in terms of some linear ordering of the alternatives. If individual choices are independent, and if the a priori likelihood that either of the two choices is correct is one half, we show that the group decision procedure that maximizes the likelihood that the group will make the better of the two choices open to it is a weighted voting rule that assigns weights, w _i, such that $$w_i \propto \log \frac{{p_i }} {{1 - p_i }}.$$ We then examine the implications for optimal group choice of interdependencies among individual choices.     

Defining regulatory agencies for analytical purposes

Abstract. Traditionally regulatory agencies have been viewed from a very narrow perspective, usually relating to control of natural monopolies. This discussion reports on an on-going research programme at the University of Windsor designed to provide information on regulatory agencies and the concept of regulation and the regulative process. This initial discussion outlines the operational definition of regulatory agencies, and then applies it to assorted statutory agencies throughout Canada. The discussion notes problems involved in compiling a list of manageable proportions, and then of devising analytical techniques. The paper concludes that legislators have been remiss in defining regulatory functions for administrative purposes and that they have tended to confuse regulatory, regulative, and adjudicatory functions to the detriment of all concerned. As well, the paper suggests a need for provincial governments to maintain accurate records of agencies and other delegated statutory powers and authorities. Sommaire. On considère traditionnellement les organismes de régulation dans une optique très étroite, généralement celle de la régulation des monopoles naturels. Cet exposé concerne le programme de recherche que poursuit l'université de Windsor, conçu pour fournir des renseignements sur les organismes de régulation et sur le concept de la régulation et de son processus. Le débat initial dégage la définition opérationnelle des organismes de régulation pour Fappliquer ensuite à une variété d'organismes de tout le Canada. L'auteur indique les problèmes que posent l'établissement d'une liste de dimensions raisonnables et la mise au point de techniques analytiques. Il conclut en declarant que les législateurs ont négligé de définir les fonctions de régulation à des fins administratives et qu'ils ont eu tendance à confondre les fonctions réglementaire, régulatrices et adjudicatrices au détriment de tous les intéressés. Il maintient aussi qu'il est nécessaire, pour les gouvernements provinciaux, de tenir des dossiers exacts des organismes auxquels ont été délégués des pouvoirs statutaires.