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21.
22.
Jung-Hsiang Tsai 《Democratization》2013,20(8):1458-1474
This article demonstrates how different political opportunity structures in semi-presidential countries either enable or inhibit the overreach of populist presidents. In Turkey, for example, political leverage has been used to hamstring the opposition and transform a democratic regime into an authoritarian one. In Bulgaria, democracy also faded under a populist prime minister. Ukraine’s democracy had a checkered history, with frequent changes of power culminating in presidential breakdown. The Czech Republic introduced popular elections for the president to strengthen legitimacy, but that exposed the regime to conflict between the president and the prime minister. 相似文献
23.
This paper discusses different patterns of innovation and their institutional roots in Taiwan and South Korea. By using USPTO patent data as indicators of innovation, this paper finds that while individuals and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) still account for a significant proportion of the patents in Taiwan, the large conglomerates are the major contributors of patents in South Korea. Moreover, although electronics is the sector that has gained most of the patents in both countries, Taiwan's patents are more dispersed while those of its South Korean counterparts are more concentrated. These differences come mainly from the institutional roots in their economic catching-up era. 相似文献
24.
The research results given here show that Taiwanese local elites, in terms of breadth of political participation, support the common people's right of participation more than those in Mainland China. In terms of depth, local elites on neither side support having people with special family backgrounds as leaders, but the Taiwanese do not narrowly define the qualifications of leaders or managers, requiring, for example, a certain degree of capability. Mainland Chinese local elites are more conservative in this respect. On the issue of economic equality, the concept of establishing a limit on income varies greatly on the two sides. The percentage of those in favor of such a limit is lower in Taiwan, yet the Taiwanese endorse more the idea of taking care of the poor and correcting unequal income distribution. The overall perspective on conflict resolution is quite the same for both sides' local elites. That is, they all strive to maintain harmony and avoid conflict, even at a price of sacrificing plans for local development. The most probable factor behind these trends is the great difference between the two sides' politico-economic systems, the process of their development and the status quo. Thus, there are differences between the two sides, either on certain perspectives on the three dimensions of the concept of democracy, or on other possible factors, which affect these perspectives. Elites on both sides are especially similar in their efforts to avoid conflict and their tendency to respect experts, showing the effect of a relatively homogeneous culture as we compare such attitudes internationally, but such cultural tastes might hinder future democratization on both sides. Other possible inferences, including the prospects for the development of democracy on both sides, will be dealt with briefly in this paper. 相似文献
25.
Kellee S. Tsai 《Journal of Chinese Political Science》2004,9(2):1-26
This paper argues that neither the developmental state nor the marketpreserving federalism models are applicable to contemporary
China. Despite superficial similarities with elements of each model, the political economy of reform in China violates key
assumptions and expectations in both. In contrast to the expectations of the developmental state model, the center has not
systematically allocated credit to the most productive sectors of the economy; instead the latter has had to rely on informal
finance. And in contrast to the expectations of market-preserving federalism, fiscal decentralization has lead to a host of
unintended consequences at the local level—namely, the hoarding of off-budget revenues for public goods provision, reliance
on informal finance for private sector development, and local protectionism. These unintended and informal coping strategies
depart substantially from the core components of both the developmental state and market-preserving federalism models.
At present, China’s financial order is very chaotic. For example, a lot of funds have been lost through off-budgetary channels
and systems. It is quite common for [local governments and agencies] to wantonly collect fees and fines, to levy various charges,
and to set up “little money lockers” without authorization... Such chaotic situations have not only seriously affected the
government in exercising macro-economic regulations and control over fiscal revenues, and disrupted the unity in our national
administrative order, but also provided an environment and conditions for corrupt behavior.
—President Jiang Zemin, January 20011
the author ofBack-Alley Banking: Private Entrepreneurs in China (Cornell University Press, 2002). The earliest version of this paper was presented at the 2000 Annual Meeting of the American
Political Science Association in Washington D.C. 相似文献
26.
Ordinary citizens often welcome nonstate provision of public goods and social welfare, but government officials, particularly
in nondemocratic and transitional systems, may view nonstate actors as political competitors. Drawing on a combination of
qualitative and quantitative data from rural China, this paper finds that some kinds of nonstate participation in public goods
and social welfare provision can actually make local officials more optimistic about their ability to implement state policies
and elicit citizen compliance. Local officials often believe that coproduction of public goods and services with community
groups in particular, often with community actors taking the lead, can build trust and social capital that can spill over
into increased citizen compliance with state demands, a central element of state capacity. Simply increasing levels of public
goods provision, however, is not associated positively with optimistic perceptions of local state authority and capacity.
Moreover, other forms of nonstate participation such as coproduction between private businesses and local officials or substitutive
provision by nonstate actors have less potential for building trust between officials and citizens and are not seen by officials
as beneficial for increasing citizen compliance. 相似文献
27.
28.
Hsieh HM Hou RJ Chen KF Tsai LC Liu SW Liu KL Linacre A Lee JC 《Journal of forensic sciences》2004,49(3):477-480
The rDNA intergenic spacer (IGS) structure of Cannabis sativa was established and can be used for classification and identification of this species. In this study, DNA fragments of rDNA IGS were amplified by PCR from Cannabis sativa plant extracts and a 1387 bp fragment was obtained. DNA sequence analysis revealed six different repeat motifs. In the middle of the IGS sequence, there were three sequence motifs, and the same three sections of DNA were then repeated with minor variation in sequence. The terminal region of the IGS was composed of another three different repeat units; multiple copies of these terminal repeat motifs were present in no discernible order. Within six repeat motifs, point variations were observed in five. The DNA sequence of the locus was compared with all the plant sequences registered in GenBank by the Fasta program of GCG software with the result that this DNA fragment was significantly different from any other DNA sequence recorded to date. The most similar sequence was that of Hops (Humulus lupulus), but with a similarity of only 88.9% over 579 bp. These specific and complex variations of IGS may be related to the species and geographic distributions. 相似文献
29.
Liau AS Liu JT Lin LC Chiu YC Shu YR Tsai CC Lin CH 《Forensic science international》2003,134(1):17-24
The chiral separation of (+/-)-methamphetamine, (+/-)-methcathinone, (+/-)-ephedrine and (+/-)-pseudoephedrine by means of beta-cyclodextrine modified capillary electrophoresis is described. The distribution of enantiomers in clandestine tablets and urine samples were identified. Several electrophoretic parameters such as the concentration of beta-cyclodextrin, temperature, the applied voltage and the amount of organic solvent required for successful separation were optimized. The method, as described herein, represents a good complementary method to GC-MS for use in forensic and clinical analysis. 相似文献
30.
The Influence of Selected Fingerprint Enhancement Techniques on Forensic DNA Typing of Epithelial Cells Deposited on Porous Surfaces 下载免费PDF全文
Li‐Chin Tsai Ph.D. Cheng‐Chang Lee M.S. Chun‐Chieh Chen M.S. James Chun‐I Lee Ph.D. Sheng‐Meng Wang Ph.D. Nu‐En Huang Ph.D. Adrian Linacre Ph.D. Hsing‐Mei Hsieh Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2016,61(Z1):S221-S225
Fingerprints deposited at crime scene can be a source of DNA. Previous reports on the effects of fingerprint enhancement methods have focused mainly on fingermarks deposited in blood or saliva. Here, we evaluate the effects of fingerprint enhancement methods on fingerprints deposited on porous surfaces. We performed real‐time quantification and STR typing, the results of which indicated that two methods (iodine fuming and 1,2‐indanedione in ethyl acetate enhancement) had no effect on the quantity of DNA isolated and resultant STR alleles when compared to control samples. DNA quantities and allele numbers were lower for samples enhanced with silver nitrate and 1,2‐indanedione in acetic acid when compared to control samples. Based on DNA quantity, quality, and observable stochastic effects, our data indicated that iodine fuming and 1,2‐indanedione in ethyl acetate were the preferred options for the enhancement of fingerprints on porous surfaces. 相似文献