我国古代封建政权治吏略论

人类历史上文官制度的创始者归为中国,而尤为封建官吏制度备受世人推崇。中国古代的封建官吏制度是中国 古代封建政治制度的一个重要组成部分,它对封建制国家的产生、发达产生过重要影响。试图从中国古代封建官 吏的选任、考核、奖惩、监察等方面揭示一些带有共性的,已被历史证明是成功的,可供我们现在参考、倦鉴的一些 法律和制度。     

Two unusual cases of suicide by hanging

Two unusual cases of suicide by hanging are described, in the first case the deceased's left hand tied to the left thigh with the head and face covered by a heavy winter coat. In the second case the deceased's hands were tied behind his back.     

Biostatistical basis of individualization and segregation analysis using the multilocus DNA probe MZ 1.3: results of a collaborative study.

A collaborative study using the multilocus minisatellite DNA probe MZ 1.3 was carried out to investigate segregation information, mutation rate, DNA fragment frequencies as well as band sharing characteristics. The fingerprint patterns of 393 children as well as 694 unrelated individuals were analysed after digestion of DNA with the restriction enzyme HinfI. A mutation rate of 1% per meiosis or 0.04% per band was found with a mean number of 26 bands/individual. It was shown that maternal and paternal fragments are inherited in equal proportions. Population frequencies of restriction fragments demonstrated a distribution with increasing frequencies in the small fragment size range below 10 kb as well as the absence of very common or very rare fragments. Our data can be used to calculate simple exclusion probabilities based on the number of non-maternal bands in the child.     

Postmortem cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis

We show that postmortem cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis is a common event. Postmortem cerebrospinal or ventricular fluid was obtained from children and adults. The cells were counted and morphologically characterized using several histochemical markers. Infants exhibit a brisk postmortem CSF pleocytosis. Sudden infant death cases have relatively high CSF counts. Typeable cells are mononuclear and consist of approximately 60%-70% lymphocytes and 20%-40% macrophages. When postmortem duration is greater than 12 h, the cells become vacuolated and cannot be identified. The etiology of these findings requires further study.     

Fatal accidents and blood ethanol levels in adolescents and adults. The Wayne County experience, 1978-1988

The files of 874 fatal traumatic accident victims, aged 12-25 years, examined at the Wayne County Medical Examiner's Office during the period 1978-1988 were reviewed. Postmortem blood alcohol results of individuals who died after less than 15 min of hospitalization were utilized to approximate alcohol levels at the time of the fatal injury. Relationships between types of accidents, sex, age, race, and time of accident were examined. White victims were far more likely to have been drinking than blacks, and the data indicated that underaged drinkers were involved in fatal accidents at lower levels of blood alcohol than their counterparts of legal drinking age. Consistent racial differences in average alcohol levels were not observed, however. Unlike female and black victims, who much less frequently tested positive for alcohol when underage, white male victims 16-21 years of age were just as likely to have been drinking as those aged 21-25. The results of the study show that postmortem blood alcohol level can be used to identify differences in alcohol consumption among groups of accident victims in a major metropolitan area.