Possibilities for using bedside cards as secondary comparison in trace element studies with the PCR technique]

When fresh blood is not available as a control in stain investigations extracted teeth, hair, preserved tissue samples, histological slides, cigarette butts or used stamps can also be used. This paper reports on a stain investigation performed 7 months after the death of the victim, where a bedside card from the medical records was successfully employed as a control blood sample. In a series of 10 bedside cards up to 9 years old, the investigation with the PCR method showed recognizable patterns in the STR systems SE 33 and TC 11. Matching patterns could be found from the 4 sections of each card (anti A, anti B, anti AB and anti D). A comparison of the oldest card with a fresh blood sample of the patient also showed matching patterns. AMPFLPs were successful with more recent cards. Using the PCR method typing of bedside cards from medical records up to 10 years old can be used in stain investigations.     

Death due to positional asphyxia under severe alcoholisation: pathophysiologic and forensic considerations

In contrary to "physical restraint", describing a fixed body position due to external devices, "positional restraint" is defined as an abnormal body position, resulting from accidental fixation under unfortunate circumstances. We report on a remarkable case of positional asphyxia of an alcoholised young man after a fall down a staircase. On external examination, the body showed petechiae of the conjunctivae and oral mucosa, abrasions on the left zygomatic region and scratch marks, respectively. Neither broken fingernails, etc. nor signs of external violence against the neck were found. Autopsy revealed haemorrhages in the praevertebral cervical musculature and Simon's sign. Haemorrhagic pulmonary edema and cerebral edema were observed; blood alcohol concentration: 2.60 g/l, urine alcohol concentration: 3.26 g/l. As cause of death, positional asphyxia after blunt head trauma has to be considered as well as lethal ethanol intoxication. To us, alcoholisation attributed to the fall and together with unconsciousness following blunt head trauma circumvented self-rescue efforts, and therefore, aggravated the potentially lethal impact of positional restraint.     

Enhancement of an insufficient dye-formation in the ninhydrin reaction by a suitable post treatment process

A study of the reaction between ninhydrin and alanine has been carried out taking into account that, adhered on the surface of a dry porous medium such as paper, a quasi-heterogeneous reaction has to take place. Instead of amino acids released from human sweat glands, aqueous solutions of alanine were taken to deliver a given amount of amino acid to the sample. The dye density, obtained after using a standard development process, could noticeably be increased by setting a drop of water on the dye dot, thus indicating that not all the alanine had been used for dye formation during the usually applied process. The incomplete reaction can be explained by the problem of bringing the reactants into contact with each other when both are in the solid phase in the porous surrounding. The temporary presence of water allows a reorientation of the insoluble reactants. With fingerprints an increase in both the rate of development and the final dye density could be obtained when the sample was post treated after the developing process with the blank solvent, thus also the background coloration could be decreased. The ideas presented in this paper may form the basis for a modification of developing processes with ninhydrin in order to increase the proportion of amino acids present (in the sample) used in dye formation without data loss.     

The case of the sitting corpse. Accident or homicide?

Discussed are the unusual position of a body at a death scene and plausible mechanisms responsible for this positioning.     

The manner and cause of death in a forensic series of chronic alcoholics.

Chronic alcoholics account for an increasing number of the cases which are examined in forensic pathology. The manner and cause of death in 122 chronic alcoholics is described and compared with a previous investigation and to a group of non-alcoholics. The percentage of cases in which the manner of death is undetermined is twice as high as in the control group, whilst the percentage of suicide, surprisingly enough is only half that of the control group. The patho-anatomic findings in the liver and the causes of death are discussed in detail.     

Survival time, capacity of action and radiological diagnosis after gunshot wounds of the cranium (author's transl)]

Three cases of suicidal temporal gunshots. Different circumstances in the clinical course and in the ability of action.--In one case there was a bullet tract in the lower temporal region with considerable destruction of the base of the skull, followed by immediate inability of action and early death. Another case with a transtemporal gunshot without radiological signs of a laceration of the base of skull showed severe disturbance of cerebral functions for some days and remaining blindness. In the third case there was a pistol shot in the temporal region with retained missile, full ability of acting and undisturbed consciousness. Causative for the differences in the effect of the gunshots are differences of weapons and amunition and the anatomical position of the wound track in the temporal region. Discussion about the role of concussion of the brain by different rate of transgression of energy from the missile to the skull. Reference to the importance of X-ray analysis and to a radiographic documentation of the findings in such cases.     

Screening and confirmation of drugs in urine: interference of hordenine with the immunoassays and thin layer chromatography methods.

Hordenine cross-reacted with various enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or radioimmunoassay (RIA) kits used for the screening of urine samples. Morphine-ELISA kit was most sensitive, whereas etorphine- and buprenorphine-ELISA kits were least sensitive to hordenine cross-reactivity. Hordenine also interfered with the thin layer chromatography of oxymorphone, hydromorphone and apomorphine. The major source of hordenine in humans is beer brewed from barley, whereas the major source of hordenine in horses is canary grass or barley. Therefore, the presence of hordenine in the urine of humans consuming beer or in the urine of horses consuming canary grass may give false positive values when the immunoassay and TLC methods are used for the screening of the urine sample. In order to distinguish hordenine from the opiate drugs, simple and sensitive gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) and high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods have been developed in this study.