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891.
892.
The authors present the results of an experimental study designed to estimate the damage to biological and non-biological objects inflicted by the knife blades having the gear-type sharpening. It was shown that a knife with such sharpening leaves edges of the damage of characteristic shape and outline. The results of the study testify to the expediency of further studies on the damaging action of knives considered in the present paper. 相似文献
893.
The results of extraction of lambda-cigalotrin from dioxan aqueous solutions by hydrophobic organic solvents are presented. It is shown that the degree of extraction depends on the nature of the extractant, the water to dioxan ratio, and saturation of the water-dioxan layer with the electrolyte. The highest efficiency of lambda-cigalotrin extraction was achieved using chlorophorm as a solvent under desalination conditions. The extraction factor was calculated necessary to obtain the desired amount of lambda-cigalotrin from the water-dioxan solution (4:1) with the help of the extractants being used. 相似文献
894.
Based on the results of the present experimental study, morphological and histological criteria for incised skin wounds from objects differing in the blade sharpness were developed. 相似文献
895.
After they stop drivers for exceeding the speed limit, police often have the discretion to alter the penalty. We investigated
the degree to which extra-legal factors (apologies and other verbal responses), in addition to speed over the limit, predict
ticket costs for speeding. Surveys of speeders were conducted in the U.S. and Canada. The data suggest that what people say
to police matters. Participants who reported statements of remorse, e.g., “I’m sorry,” received lower fines for speeding.
The relation of speeders’ responses to ticket costs is discussed from legal and psychological perspectives. 相似文献
896.
Luís Duarte d’Almeida 《Law and Philosophy》2011,30(2):167-199
Can there be a non-reductivist, source-based explanation of the use of normative language in statements describing the law and legal situations? This problem was formulated by Joseph Raz, who also claimed to have solved it. According to his well-known doctrine of ‘detached’ statements, normative legal statements can be informatively made by speakers who merely adopt, without necessarily sharing, the point of view of someone who accepts that legal norms are justified and ought to be followed. In this paper I defend two theses. I argue, first, that the notion of a detached statement cannot be made to work, and that Raz’s problem is thus not thereby solved. But the problem itself, I also suggest, is a false one. 相似文献
897.
In the case of unidentified bodies the estimation of the period since death or of the season of death plays an important role to focus the attention on a reduced number of people among the ones reported missing. Forensic entomology can be one of the most important methods for these estimations, as occurred in this case. Flies are typically the first insects to colonize a dead body. The case reported here concerns the colonisation by insects of a male body in advanced decay found during the winter in Central Italy. This case is of particular interest as few data are available on the entomological evidence in the cold season. In particular, in this case we recovered Calliphora loewi (Calliphoridae), a species never collected before on dead bodies in Southern Europe. Larvae of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens (Stratiomyidae), pupae and larvae belonging to genus Hydrothea (Muscidae), and Necrobia rufipes (Cleridae) specimens were also collected. The estimated PMI enabled identification of the cadaver, confirmed by DNA analysis. 相似文献
898.
Charles R. Tittle Ekaterina V. Botchkovar Olena Antonaccio 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2011,27(2):225-249
Using random samples of adults from three European countries rarely surveyed about crime-related issues, this study seeks
to identify, with more extensive indicators than is typical, individuals who are likely to contemplate the commission of criminal
acts. Then, it assesses the contextual universality of deterrence claims by estimating the deterrent effectiveness of perceived
formal and informal sanctions for theft and violence among crime contemplators in Greece, Russia, and Ukraine. With criminal
contemplation taken into account, our findings confirm the patterns established in past research. Whereas the threat of formal
punishment shows little deterrent effect, perceptions of informal sanctions appear to influence projected crime. However,
supportive findings hold only in Russia and Ukraine. Overall, it appears that the deterrent effectiveness of sanctions may
be to some extent contingent on cultural or contextual characteristics. 相似文献
899.
Age estimation of living individuals has become one of the big issues of forensic anthropology. The increase of children and adolescents with no valid proof of their chronological age is a legal concern to many countries, especially in situations of illegal immigration, sub adult delinquency and juvenile work. For this purpose, the use of radiological methods for evaluation of skeletal maturation is particularly useful. In this study we compare the two of the most common methods applied in age estimation by hand/wrist radiographs: the Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist made by Greulich and Pyle (GP), 1959,and the Sempé method developed for computer--Maturos 4.0 (MT) program. These methods were applied to a sample of 230 radiographs of the hand and wrist from Portuguese children and adolescents of known sex age and age, aged between 12 and 20 years, who performed medical examination at the University of Coimbra Hospitals during 2005. The methods achieved different performances, depending on the age group. Between 12 and 15 years the bone age with the MT program is closer to the chronological age, whereas in older ages the GP Atlas method is more trustworthy. At the ages with legal consequences in Portugal (16 and 18 years) the GP Atlas method is most accurate, namely to decide whether an individual is younger or older than 18 years. Around 16 years old, although there are doubts in relation to the accuracy of both methods, GP Atlas seems to perform better. 相似文献
900.
Alexander V. Kozin 《Law and Critique》2011,22(1):39-57
This article concerns itself with the phenomenon of the cultural defence as it exhibits itself in the US juridical context. Recent socio-legal discussions about this phenomenon reveal three prevalent positions: the illegality of cultural defence on constitutional grounds, the necessity of cultural defence as a matter of discretionary justice, and the intermediary position of working cultural defence into a legal doctrine. By problematizing the operative concept of culture, the author suggests that the idea of cultural defence should be understood in terms of foreignness. This suggestion is supported on the basis of the phenomenological theory of the alien (xenology). In order to illustrate the juridical limits of the cultural defence I examine the history of constructing the Native American as a cultural legal subject. Hence the question that primes this examination: is there a possibility of the traditional cultural defence for the American Indians? After a provisional answer that there is no such possibility, I conclude with the discussion of hospitality as a way to an ethically necessary and legally acceptable idea of culture. 相似文献