Measuring double consciousness among black law enforcement officers to understand the significant role of race in law enforcement occupational cultures

The current study correlates Merton's anomie theory and W. E. B. Dubois's double-consciousness theory to measure black law enforcement officers' reactions to occupational strain resulting from officers' ethnic-identification. Measuring levels of anomic behavior provides a scale for identifying levels of risk affecting the well-being of individual officers and organizations. Testing hierarchal regression models with a national sample of black state- and federal-level law enforcement officers (n = 84) reveals a presence of double consciousness as a significant predictor for levels of anomic behavior in law enforcement occupational cultures. It also further suggests that race remains a significant factor in law enforcement organizations and cultures, whereas many police executives would prefer to believe that race issues in policing are settled.     

Land of Abundance

<正>Sichuan taps Belt and Road for overseas partnerships It has the sixth highest GDP in China,the largest potential for hydropower generation and is the gateway not only to China’s west,but also to Southeast Asia’s developing markets.It’s also home to pandas.But it’s not enough,and Sichuan,a southwestern province of China,is on a mission to climb the GDP and development indicator rankings in the country,using the Belt and Road Initiative.