The ‘new’ policy approach to housing: A review of the literature

A new convention of ‘self-help housing’ has become established over the past 20 years. However, a close examination of the literature shows that this approach is not widely implemented, but remains largely at the level of showcase projects; moreover the lowest income groups are usually not the principal beneficiaries of sites-and-service schemes. The literature gives evidence of powerful political, administrative and economic interests against the large-scale legal delivery of sites-and-services, and in favour of the continued dependence of the poor on illegal access.     

Emerging problems for staff associated with the release of potentially dangerous forensic patients

Mental health professionals have been concerned recently about their liability for the actions of patients in their outpatient practices. The history of suits against clinicians for negligent release of inpatients extends back several decades since before the Tarasoff decision. The authors suggest that the same consumerism/victims' rights trends that resulted in Tarasoff and its progeny are likely to rebound again on forensic clinicians and that such pressures are likely to add to other political and social pressures that already complicate the treatment of forensic inpatients. They present three cases to illustrate the dilemmas involved in the release of forensic patients and argue that clinicians must bear significant responsibility for their current plight because of overstated claims of capacities to predict and treat aggressive behavior.     

Flow cytometric evaluation of postmortem pulp DNA degradation

During postmortem autolysis, cellular organelles and nuclear DNA break down into their constituent parts. DNA flow cytometric analysis was applied to study the denaturation of splenic cell DNA as a possible method for postmortem interval determination. DNA denaturation continued for 72 hours at a constant rate, with no intact DNA peaks thereafter. The value of using dental pulp tissue for flow cytometric determination of postmortem interval was investigated. The pulps of 57 routinely removed impacted third molars from patients 15 to 30 years of age were obtained. Pulp tissue was removed at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours postextraction. Debris (degraded DNA) was defined as all signals left of the standardized mean 2n peak and expressed as a percentage of the total number of signals. In contrast to the splenic cell DNA, dental pulp tissue exhibited minimal DNA degradation by 144 hours postextraction, and no constant relation was found between time and DNA degradation during this time. In this study, pulp tissue was found to be unreliable to determine the early postmortem interval but might be of greater value in the later stages.     

The relationship between mandated community treatment and perceived barriers to care in persons with severe mental illness

OBJECTIVE: In recent decades debate has intensified over both the ethics and effectiveness of mandated mental health treatment for persons residing in the community. Perceived barriers to care among persons subjected to mandated community treatment, and the possibility that fear of involuntary treatment may actually create or strengthen such barriers rather than dissolve them, are key issues relevant to this debate but have been little studied. This article explores the link between receipt of mandated (or "leveraged") community treatment and reasons for avoiding or delaying treatment reported by persons with severe mental illness. It also examines the potential moderating effect of social support on the association between mandated treatment experiences and barriers attributable to fear of involuntary commitment or forced treatment. METHOD: Data are presented from a survey of 1011 persons with psychiatric disorders being treated in public-sector mental health service systems in five U.S. cities. Logistic and negative binomial regression analyses were used to examine the association between mandated community treatment and perceptions of barriers to care, controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Across sites, 32.4% to 46.3% of respondents reported barriers attributed to fear of forced treatment. Whereas 63.7% to 76.1% reported at least one non-mandate-related barrier to care; the mean number of non-mandated barriers to care ranged from 1.6 to 2.3 (range 0-7). Between 44.1% and 59.0% of participants had experienced at least one type of leveraged treatment. Persons experiencing multiple forms of mandated treatment were more likely to report barriers to care in comparison to those not reporting mandated treatment. Findings also indicated that social support moderates the relationship between multiple leverages (three or four forms) and mandate-related barriers to care. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived barriers to care associated with mandated treatment experience have the potential to adversely affect both treatment adherence and therapeutic alliance. Awareness of potential barriers to care and how they interact with patients' perceived social support may lead to improved outcomes associated with mandated treatment.     

Understanding the risk factors for violence and criminality in women: the concurrent validity of the PCL-R and HCR-20

This study explores the performance of 132 female maximum-security inmates on the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) and the HCR-20 (Historical, Clinical, and Risk Management Scheme) to examine the concordance between these two risk assessment instruments, and to assess their potential usefulness in determining level of risk for violent behavior and other forms of criminality. The two instruments demonstrated consistent and highly significant correlations across total scores, factor scores, and subscale scores. When the two instruments were entered into a multiple regression analysis to predict violent and non-violent crime, the HCR-20 did not add to the variance explained by the PCL-R. These results confirm earlier research that suggests that there is little or no difference between these two risk assessment instruments in their relationship to community or institutional violence. Further, Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analyses show that both instruments demonstrated an inverse ability to predict convictions for murder, a close to chance ability to predict violent crime, but a shared ability to predict property and minor crime. Broadly, these results suggest that psychopathic women are involved in chronic patterns of non-violent criminality, while women charged and convicted of murder generally do not have elevated scores on the PCL-R or HCR-20. The relevance of these findings to rehabilitation and treatment is discussed.     

Sociolegal change in consumer fraud: From victim-offender interactions to global networks

Advances in technology have transformed fraud against consumers from face-to-face, victim-offender interactions to a crime that now transcends international boundaries. Although consumer protection issues have been of interest to investigative journalists and literary scholars for centuries, the topic has only recently been subject to serious criminological inquiry. Employing the American consumer protection movement as an historical framework, we examine the evolution of consumer fraud. Our review documents that progressive social and legal changes in consumer protection and corporate regulation, as well as developments in criminological research, correspond to prominent literary exposés of the time. In today's technological age, such a reactive response to consumer fraud is neither efficient nor effective. Contemporary criminologists need to simultaneously address the questions of ‘how’ fraud is perpetrated and ‘why’ it occurs. Toward this end, we identify methodological strategies and data sources to promote empirical and theoretical understanding of consumer fraud, and to ultimately contribute to multi-national crime control policy.     

Glass particles in footwear of members of the public in south-eastern Australia--a survey

A total of 776 pairs of shoes collected from random members of the public in south-eastern Australia were examined for the presence of glass fragments. From the samples collected a total of 110 fragments were recovered from 57 pairs of shoes (7.3% of the pairs examined). This study shows that the prevalence of glass fragments in footwear is dependent upon the area of the shoe from which the fragments were recovered. A much higher percentage of shoes were found to have fragments embedded in the sole (5.9%) than in the upper area of the shoe (1.9%). These shoes were also more likely to have multiple fragments from multiple sources of glass. Only a very small percentage of shoes contained fragments in both the upper and the sole (0.3%). These findings and their significance for the interpretation of glass evidence involving footwear are discussed in this study.