Duverger's Laws: Between social and institutional determinism

Abstract. The purpose of this article is to relocate Duverger's Laws within the debate about the effects of electoral systems on the number of parties. Although Duverger's theory has always been seen as the best example of a purely institutionalist approach to the issue, it is possible to argue that this is only true if one overemphasises the meaning of the laws without considering Duverger's justification and explanations for them. However, if one takes into consideration not only the laws, but also Duverger's theories about the effects of electoral systems on the number of parties as a whole, one can argue that his theses do not have a purely institutionalist character and can therefore coexist with theories that try to take into account variables other than electoral rules.     

中美关系新阶段中的战略“失语”与战略稳定探索

过去几年,中美关系从国际体系内的霸权国家与国际体系外的相对较弱国家之间的关系,演变为国际体系内的守成强国与崛起强国之间的关系。这种变化导致中美关系告别了过去四十余年的"接触—融入"战略框架。中美关系进入新阶段后,两国需要一个双方都可接受的、新的战略稳定框架,以确保中美关系的长期稳定。然而,由于种种原因,两国迄今尚未能形成可以为两国关系实践提供战略指导的新框架与新论述。美国方面出现了以亚太政策代替中国政策等问题;中国方面提出的"新型大国关系"概念也未能获得美方很好地理解与接受。因此,过去几年中美关系进入一个缺乏宏观战略共识指引的新时期。这是过去几年中美关系中的竞争面、消极面日益凸显的重要原因。让人鼓舞的是,中美两国领导人在危机管控、全球议题合作等领域,正在以逐案处理的方式,为两国摸索新的利益边界。这种探索或许能够导致中美两国形成新的稳定框架,其产生的"正能量"与中美结构性矛盾自然产生的"负能量"之间的"竞赛"将决定未来一段时间内中美关系的移动方向。不过,两国领导人的这种尝试未来也将面临美国政治周期变化等不确定因素的影响。     

地缘政治理论研究的新篇章——读陆俊元《地缘政治的本质与规律》有感

在当今学界，地缘政治可谓是一个热门话题，各种论说让人应接不暇，但深层的学理探究似乎远不能胜任地缘政治理论建设的客观需要。因此，当我读到时事出版社以“专家纵论”专题推出的陆俊元教授的专著《地缘政治的本质与规律》一书时，即深深地为其丰富的理论含量、积极的创新和精湛的阐论所吸引。全书立意新颖，逻辑严谨，述论有据。从地缘政治的根本性质、内在规律，到地缘政治的形态与结构，作者对地缘政治涉及的重大理论问题进行了积极而审慎的思考与探索。全书主线突出，前后环环相扣，读来引人人胜。书中关于地缘政治的界定、对地缘政治规律的分析以及对地缘政治研究方法的创新等重要篇章，可圈可点之处颇多。     

发展数控实训培养创新人才

数控实训是学生进行工程实践的主要途径，培养创新型应用人才是数控人才教学培养目标的选择。只有合理安排课程设置、确培养目标，增强实训基地软硬件，提高识字能力，完善安全管理制度；才能培养出符合社会需要的创新型人才。     

The BRICs Come of Global Age

The world is rapidly evolving on many fronts. Brazil, Turkey and other emerging powers are taking their own initiatives and building their own global links outside the old frameworks of the G‐8, the United Nations Security Council and NATO. The “third way” politics of Tony Blair that embraced globalization from the left of center in Britain has given way to the Tory party once again. Just as recovery from the financial crash seemed on the horizon, Europe's sovereign debt crisis has erupted. The historically unprecedented pace and scale of urbanization in China is transforming the politics of the Communist Party. President Lula of Brazil, former US treasury secretary Henry Paulson, Singapore's foreign minister George Yeo and others take stock of these manifold developments.     

PRESTIGE OF JOURNALS IN CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE

The prestige of professional journals is an important element in the academic world because of the relationship of journal prestige to the careers of individuals and to the reputations of academic institutions. This study investigates the system of journal prestige in the field of criminology and criminal justice, using the ratings of professional journals obtained from a sample of respondents who are members of professional associations in criminology and criminal justice. The results show that there is a relatively high degree of agreement about the relative prestige of journals in the field, despite the fact that criminology and criminal justice is a multidisciplinary field involving professionals from a wide variety of occupational settings.     

辛硫磷对大鼠肝细胞凋亡的影响

通过给大鼠肝细胞培养液中加入辛硫磷(染毒终浓度分别为3、10、30、100和300 μmol/L)染毒,于12、24 h后用流式细胞仪分别测定细胞凋亡率、细胞死亡率和细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平,并在扫描电镜和荧光显微镜下观察细胞凋亡情况,研究了辛硫磷对原代培养大鼠肝细胞凋亡的影响.结果显示,辛硫磷具有明显的细胞毒性,在3～100 μmol/L范围内随着染毒剂量的增大和染毒时间的延长,细胞死亡率、凋亡率和ROS水平显著升高,且发生了明显的细胞凋亡的形态学变化;但300 μmol/L辛硫磷培养24 h,肝细胞凋亡率和ROS水平下降,死亡率升高.表明辛硫磷对肝细胞有直接的毒性作用,并通过产生ROS诱导了肝细胞凋亡.     

现行国际秩序演变的方向与中国的选择

中国与西方国家使用不同术语来描述现行国际秩序,双方对国际秩序的认识也确实存在明显差异。但是仔细分辨之后,又能发现中国与西方的国际秩序观实际上重叠之处远大于差异之处。2008年金融危机后,国际秩序开始发生重大变化。2020年的新冠肺炎疫情进一步加剧了这一变化。一方面国际格局的变化导致西方国家认为现行国际秩序遭到新兴大国挑战,另一方面西方国家内部对全球化的不满则导致一些西方国家主动挑战现行国际秩序。当前国际秩序演变出现了自由主义色彩消退、民族国家作用逐渐强化的趋势,这将导致中国与西方国家在某些方面的竞争加剧,但也有可能导致双方对国际秩序演变方向的认知差异缩小。只有准确理解国际秩序演变的这些脉络,中国才能更好地进行战略和政策抉择以趋利避害。     

The detection of RhD antigen of the rhesus system by the real time polymerase chain reaction

A method for the detection of RhD using a DNA preparation and the newly-developed test-system based on the real time polymerase chain reaction is described. The study including a large variety of specimens has demonstrated the applicability of the novel system to forensic medical examination.