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71.
Leach AM Lindsay RC Koehler R Beaudry JL Bala NC Lee K Talwar V 《Law and human behavior》2009,33(1):96-109
We examined whether individuals’ ability to detect deception remained stable over time. In two sessions, held one week apart,
university students viewed video clips of individuals and attempted to differentiate between the lie-tellers and truth-tellers.
Overall, participants had difficulty detecting all types of deception. When viewing children answering yes–no questions about
a transgression (Experiments 1 and 5), participants’ performance was highly reliable. However, rating adults who provided truthful or fabricated accounts did
not produce a significant alternate forms correlation (Experiment 2). This lack of reliability was not due to the types of deceivers (i.e., children versus adults) or interviews (i.e., closed-ended
questions versus extended accounts) (Experiment 3). Finally, the type of deceptive scenario (naturalistic vs. experimentally-manipulated) could not account for differences
in reliability (Experiment 4). Theoretical and legal implications are discussed. 相似文献
72.
Perfect TJ Wagstaff GF Moore D Andrews B Cleveland V Newcombe S Brisbane KA Brown L 《Law and human behavior》2008,32(4):314-324
Five experiments tested the idea that instructing a witness to close their eyes during retrieval might increase retrieval success. In Experiment 1 participants watched a video, before a cued-recall test for which they were either instructed to close their eyes, or received no-instructions. Eye-closure led to an increase in correct cued-recall, with no increase in incorrect responses. Experiments 2-5 sought to test the generality of this effect over variations in study material (video or live interaction), test format (cued- or free-recall) and information modality (visual or auditory details recalled). Overall, eye-closure increased recall of both visual detail and auditory details, with no accompanying increase in recall of false details. Collectively, these data convincingly demonstrate the benefits of eye-closure as an aid to retrieval, and offer insight into why hypnosis, which usually involves eye-closure, may facilitate eyewitness recall. 相似文献
73.
74.
Forensic taphonomy as a discipline requires standardization to satisfy Daubert criteria for scientific data to be admissible in court. In response, there has been a shift towards quantification of methodology and estimating the postmortem interval. Despite these advances, there are still biases and limitations within the discipline not explicitly addressed in the early stages of experimental design nor in final published works. In this article, unresolved debates with respect to the conductance and reporting of forensic taphonomic research are reviewed, beginning with the nature of experimental cadavers, human or animal analogues and their body size, and second, the forensic realism of experimental setups, specifically with respect to caging, clothing and number of carcases. Pigs, albeit imperfect, are a good model to gain a general idea of the trends that may be seen in humans in subsequent validation studies in facilities where human donors are available. To date, there is no consensus among taphonomists on the extent of the effect that body mass has on decomposition progression. More research is required with both human cadavers and non-human analogues that builds on our current knowledge of forensic taphonomy to answer these nagging questions. This will enable the discipline to make the reliable assumption that pigs and donor decomposition data can be applied to homicide cases. A suite of experimental design aspects is suggested to ensure systematic and standardized data collection across different biogeoclimatic circumstances to identify and quantify the effects of potential confounding variables. Such studies in multiple, varied biogeographic circumstances with standardized protocols, equipment and carrion will facilitate independent global validation of patterns. These factors are reviewed to show the need for adjustments in experimental design to ensure relevance and applicability of data within locally realistic forensic situations. The initiation of a global decomposition data network for forensic taphonomists is recommended.
Key points
- Pigs are a valuable, albeit imperfect, proxy for human decomposition studies.
- There are few or conflicting data on effects of carcase size, carrion ecology, exclusion cages and scavengers.
- We recommend single, clothed, uncaged carcases for baseline research to reflect regionally specific forensic casework.
75.
Erwin J. A. T. Mattijssen MSc Cilia L. M. Witteman PhD Charles E. H. Berger PhD Xiaoyu A. Zheng MSc Johannes A. Soons PhD Reinoud D. Stoel PhD 《Journal of forensic sciences》2021,66(1):96-111
Forensic firearm examination provides the court of law with information about the source of fired cartridge cases. We assessed the validity of source decisions of a computer‐based method and of 73 firearm examiners who compared breechface and firing pin impressions of 48 comparison sets. We also compared the computer‐based method's comparison scores with the examiners' degree‐of‐support judgments and assessed the validity of the latter. The true‐positive rate (sensitivity) and true‐negative rate (specificity) of the computer‐based method (for the comparison of both the breechface and firing pin impressions) were 94.4% and at least 91.7%, respectively. For the examiners, the true‐positive rate was at least 95.3% and the true‐negative rate was at least 86.2%. The validity of the source decisions improved when the evaluations of breechface and firing pin impressions were combined and for the examiners also when the perceived difficulty of the comparison decreased. The examiners were reluctant to provide source decisions for "difficult" comparisons even though their source decisions were mostly correct. The correlation between the computer‐based method's comparison scores and the examiners' degree‐of‐support judgments was low for the same‐source comparisons to negligible for the different‐source comparisons. Combining the outcomes of computer‐based methods with the judgments of examiners could increase the validity of firearm examinations. The examiners' numerical degree‐of‐support judgments for their source decisions were not well‐calibrated and showed clear signs of overconfidence. We suggest studying the merits of performance feedback to calibrate these judgments. 相似文献
76.
Rebecca M. Pasillas Victoria M. Follette Suzanne E. Perumean-Chaney 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2006,21(1):41-53
Law enforcement officers experience a variety of stressors because of their police work responsibilities. The use of avoidance
coping in order to cope with emotions, thoughts, and memories of traumatic or stressful events may explain increases in occupational
stress and poorer psychological functioning. In this study, avoidance coping, occupational stress, and psychological distress
were assessed in law enforcement officers. The sample was majority Caucasian, male, and married with a mean of 12.4 years
of law enforcement experience. Results indicated that participants reported high levels of psychological distress as compared
to an adult male non-patient sample. The use of avoidant coping was associated with higher levels of organizational stress.
Additionally, a predictor of psychological distress was the use of avoidant coping strategies and high levels of occupational
stress, respectively. Implications of these findings concerning the role of workplace acceptance in a law enforcement setting
are discussed.
Authors’ Note: Significant institutional support was provided by the police administration to conduct this study. The authors would like
to thank all of the police officers that took their time to participate in this study. This study was funded by a fellowship
from the Jim Mikawa Ethnic Minority Fund. Data collection was provided by Rebecca M. Pasillas. Natalie M. Rice. Kathleen M.
Palm. Leah, M. Leonard, and Lindsay Gray. 相似文献
77.
78.
This paper is focused on assessing the risk factors for Russian manufacturing firms posed by sanctions imposed on Russia by the EU, US, and other countries in 2014. While there is an extensive literature assessing the successes and failures of international sanctions on the economies of both those imposing and targeted by sanctions on a macroeconomic level, we are more interested in trying to understand the corporate response – i.e. which firms evaluate the introduction and increasing scale of economic sanctions as a threat to their corporate strategy, and their possible reactions aimed at adjusting to a changing environment due to the geopolitical shock. Our research, based on a recent survey of manufacturing companies, provides evidence that over the last decade Russian manufacturing firms have become much more integrated into the global economy than is commonly assumed, through foreign direct investment, foreign trade (including imports of both technological equipment and raw materials and components), international partnerships, and by extensively supplying foreign companies that operate in Russia. Considering the self-selection effect of the top-performing firms in terms of foreign trade, we can state that sanctions could prove most harmful not only for the targeted firms, but for the entire population of better-performing and globalized firms involved in foreign trade with the EU and Ukraine. Thus, the impact of the sanctions on the prospects of the Russian manufacturing sector may be very strong over the medium-to-long term. 相似文献
79.
Victoria Schofield 《圆桌》2019,108(4):479-480
80.