Beyond European Labour Law? Reflections on the EU Racial Equality Directive

In June 2000, the Council adopted a directive forbidding discrimination on grounds of racial or ethnic origin in the areas of employment, social protection, education, goods and services, and housing. This is the first time the European Union has adopted binding legislation to combat racism. In this article, the Directive is placed within the context of European labour law, and its implications for the development of this area of law are considered. Specifically, it is proposed that a new category of European 'social law' is emerging, broader in scope than European 'labour law'. The Directive also reveals a new emphasis on effective enforcement of social law. Finally, this article considers the position of the Social Partners and non-governmental organisations in relation to the Directive. The prominence of NGOs is linked to wider trends in the wake of globalisation.     

Sudden death due to intravascular hemolysis after bladder irrigation with distilled water.

A 45-year-old white man was hospitalized with gross hematuria, one month after cystoscopy and biopsy for the same complaint. The biopsy revealed cystitis glandularis. One day after admission, he developed seizures and died within hours. Autopsy, laboratory tests, and further questioning of the hospital staff showed that he died of acute hyponatremia and massive intravascular hemolysis after irrigating the bladder with sterile water. Two deep bladder ulcers with exposed veins served as the portals of entry. Until now, this fatal complication had been described only during transurethral surgery. Both a careful autopsy and hospital investigation is necessary to differentiate in-hospital natural death from iatrogenic fatality.     

Resolving the contradictions of modernity and modernism

He is the author, among other books, of The End of Ideology; The Coming of Post-Industrial Society; The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism;and The Social Sciences Since World War Two.This is the first of a two-part essay on Modernity and Modernism. An enlarged version, with reference citations and text emendations in footnotes, will be published later this year by Transaction.     

The Irish troubles analyzed

Robert J. Cormack and Robert D. Osborne (eds.), Discrimination and Public Policy in Northern Ireland, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991. Pp.288, 37 tables, 8 figures, biblio., index. £27.50. ISBN 0–19–827519–6.

John Fulton, The Tragedy of Belief: Division, Politics, and Religion in Ireland, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991, Pp.260, 6 tables, biblio., index. £30. ISBN 0–19–827316–9.

John E. Finn, Constitutions in Crisis: Political Violence and the Rule of Law, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. Pp.274, biblio., index. £28. ISBN 0–19–505738–4.     

The armed struggle and underground intelligence: An overview

This comparative analysis of the dynamics of underground, revolutionary intelligence is based on a generation of analytical association with recent and continuing armed struggles. It is a first effort to depict the unconventional nature of intelligence in an illicit and covert world that is not merely the mirror image of orthodox practice. It is mainly a discussion of strategic and tactical aspects, their structure, focus, and role, as well as special factors such as counterintelligence and heresy, prisoners and foreign contacts. Underground, these are in great part shaped by the aspirations and ideals of the rebels as well as by the special conditions that assure inefficiency in return for cover. The article is, then, a preliminary, general analysis of a largely neglected aspect of unconventional conflict.     

An introduction to judicial fact-finding

This article seeks to provide an introduction as to how judges determine facts. It draws on material across a range of jurisdictions as to how judges themselves have described what they do and what they ought to do. It explores what factors judges take into account when deciding whether the evidence of a witness is credible. It examines the difference between recollection and reconstruction of events by witnesses and considers how judges draw inferences from primary facts. The importance of documentary evidence, expert evidence, judicial notice and the giving of reasons in the fact-finding process are also explored.