美国行政诉讼若干问题

<正> 一个律师要代理当事人向法院起诉政府当局或管理机构的行为,控告行政机关的行为是违法的,他怎么向法院提起诉讼呢?他的案件属于哪个法院管辖呢?他所控告的行政行为是否属于法院的审查对象?当事人具有诉讼资格吗?对该行政行为起诉的诉讼时机是否已经"成熟"?当事人是否已穷尽了行政救济途径?本文将分别讨论这些问题。     

可保利益

<正> 保险并不意味着也不应该向任何人无条件地提供保险,以免在损失发生之时,使有些被保险人从赔偿中获取一种纯净的利益。在实践中,对此进行控制的相当可靠的方式,便是采取"可保利益"原则。一、坚持可保利益原则的目的在判例和成文立法中,贯穿于可保利益原则全部发展途程的两个主要目的,曾引起立法     

美国的商标和商标法

<正> 一、商标的性质商标的主要功能是识别商标所属产品的来源。它也有一种广告功能和保证功能——这后一功能,是保护产品的来源和产品在广告上被宣传的质量。在人们的心目中,商标的能力有强有弱。家用电器用具制造商——阳光公司,是注册商标"阳光"的所有权人。该公司对阳光家具公司提起诉讼。法院下令禁止被告把"阳光"这     

论犯罪现象的发生和变化的依赖关系

<正> 一、犯罪的因果关系问题在犯罪学中研究犯罪现象问题时,可以看到诸如"成因"、"原因"、"动机"、"根源"、"滋生情况"或者更普遍的"病源"、"犯罪发生因素"这样一些概念被作为相同意义概念使用的情况。要整顿好达类术语是相当困难的,因为在这     

The world population situation

Population experts appear to be reaching a consensus that there has been a perceptible decline over the last decade in the growth of the world's population. The decline is accounted for by the "new demographic transition" in the less developed countries (LDCs). The decline in fertility rates began in the 1950s in some LDCs and became more widespread during the 1970s. The process has not yet begun in many of the LDCs. During the 1960s it was observed that the declines in birth rates (to levels of 30 of less per 1000) were occurring mostly in small countries. Many of these countries were islands with levels of social and economic development above the developing country average. The key question is whether the recent downward trend in fertility in LDCs will continue, stabilize at the current level, or rise again. A primary concern about the future is that the poorer and less developed countries will end up with an increasing share of the world's population, with the share of the developed countries declining from 34% to 22% over the 1950-2000 period. Considerable differential exists in demographic growth patterns among various regions. The 12 largest LDCs (China, India, Indonesia, Brazil, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nigeria, Mexico, Vietnam, Philippines, Thailand, Turkey) contain 55% of the current world population, and the fertility decline of these nations is expected to have the maximum impact. 7 of these countries have had fertility declines of 14-35%. The force of the "population momentum" must also be considered. Most developing country populations have a young age distribution with considerable potential for population growth even after the fertility level reaches a replacement level and the net reproduction rate equals 1.     

发明获得法律保护的条件

<正> (一)能够取得专利的发明概念发明是专利法的客体。"发明"(Invention,Erfindung)概念的定义对任何一个法律体系来说都具有重要的实践意义,因为专利法效力的范围是由这个定义的内容决定的。同时,发明的定义引起颇大的复杂性,因为它表现了智力活动的一个侧面。由于这些原因,发明的概念曾是法律著作中反复探讨的对象。И.Я.赫伊费茨给发明下的定义是:技术课题的创造性解决方案。许多其他苏联作者也持这个观点。外国作者在给发     

刑法和环境保护

<正> 最近几年,人们对利用刑法保护环境问题的兴趣大大增强。包括苏联在内的许多国家,对这个问题都通过了新的刑法。"刑法和环境保护"的问题,列入了1979年9月在汉堡召开的国际刑法协会第十二次会议的议事日程。不久前,在波兰对这个问题还进行了预备性的口试。刑法在保护环境中的作用。苏联宪法第十八条所规定的环境,是指经常影响人们、同时