论道德和经济生活之间的关系

道德建设与经济发展之间的关系问题是当前伦理学所要解决的基本问题,也是当前文化建设的重要课题。在加强和创新社会管理以及发展和完善社会主义市场经济体制的过程中,必须用道德来匡正和规范所出现的消极现象。道德起源于社会经济生活。道德介入经济生活后,就必须用个体伦理和制度伦理来调节经济生活诸方面。伦理与效率之间的对立统一,决定了制度的设计不能仅仅以效率为标准,还要同时以伦理为标准。     

对巴基斯坦等国人员持用"F"和"L"签证情况及违法活动的调查

外国人在沪违法犯罪现象逐年增多,巴基斯坦、伊朗、孟加拉等国家人员持用"F"和"L"在沪犯罪人数的比例占居来沪外国人犯罪人数的首位,弄虚作假,诈骗他人钱财;持用假护照或无有效签证,在沪非法居留.公安机关出入境管理部门应严格把好签发签证的关口,加强情报信息的收集工作,加强法制宣传,严厉打击外国人犯罪活动.     

军队侦查权的指挥权属性及其正当性基础

侦查权性质的定位是我国侦查制度改革和侦查理论发展必须面对的深层次问题。军队侦查权受军队的性质、特点和任务影响,既具有一般国家侦查权的基本属性,又带有自己独特的指挥权属性。指挥权属性由指挥权介入军队刑事侦查程序所致。介入后的指挥权在军队刑事侦查活动中体现出开启程序的引导性、主导侦查的直接性、裁量权力的自主性、紧迫时刻的即决性等基本特征,并具有坚实的法理和实践依据。     

新公共服务与新公共管理：相生还是相克

新公共服务理论是在批判新公共管理理论的基础上兴起的一种理论,其对新公共管理的批判主要集中在对新公共管理将政府角色定位为“掌舵者”、将公民当作顾客及提倡企业家式政府的批判。事实上,新公共服务的批判有曲解新公共管理或避开重点之嫌,首先,“服务而非掌舵”这一口号本身就存在矛盾;其次,反对新公共管理将公民当作顾客的理由并不充分;第三,对新公共管理所提倡的企业家式政府的批判也不是非常有力的。这两种理论实质上是相生而非相克的关系。     

A proposal for standardization in forensic canine DNA typing: allele nomenclature of six canine-specific STR loci

In this study a proposal for the allele nomenclature of six polymorphic short tandem repeat (STR) loci (PEZ3, PEZ6, PEZ8, PEZ10, FHC2161, and FHC2328) for canine genotyping (Canis lupus familiaris) is presented. The nomenclature is based on the sequence data of the polymorphic region of the microsatellite markers as recommended by the DNA commission of the International Society of Forensic Haemogenetics (ISFH) in 1994 for human DNA typing. To cover commonly and rarely occurring alleles, a selection of homozygous and heterozygous animals were analyzed and subjected to sequence studies. The alleles consisted of simple tri- and tetra-nucleotide repeat patterns as well as compound and highly complex repeat patterns. Several alleles revealing the same fragment size but different repeat structures were found. The allele designation described here was adopted to the number of repeats, including all variable regions within the amplified fragment. In a second step the most commonly occurring alleles were added to an allelic ladder for each marker allowing a reliable typing of all alleles differing in size. A total number of 142 unrelated dogs from surrounding municipal animal homes, private households, and canines in police duty were analyzed. The data were added to a population database providing allele frequencies for each marker.     

Molecular characterization and Austrian Caucasian population data of the multi-copy Y-chromosomal STR DYS464

DYS464 is a multi-copy STR system with four positions on the Y-chromosome (DYS464a, b, c, and d) which was recently identified and characterized [Forensic Sci. Int. 130 (2002) 97]. The aims of our study were to perform a population study, to estimate the mutation rate and an extensive sequence analysis in order to confirm the nomenclature. Fourteen different alleles were found in an Austrian population sample with an allele length varying from 9 to 19 repeats. All alleles were cloned and sequenced. Alleles 9-19 showed the general repeat structure (CCTT)n...(CCTT)2...(CCTT)3...(CCTT)4...(CCTT)2...(CCTT)2. The nomenclature is based on the number of repeated units of the variable (CCTT)n-stretch only. In 13% of the samples intermediate alleles, namely 14.3A, 14.3B and 15.3 were detected. In these alleles the variable repeat block is interrupted by a CTT motif (14.3A: (CCTT)3CTT(CCTT)11; 14.3B and 15.3: (CCTT)7CTT(CCTT)7/8). A comparison with GenBank entries revealed the existence of a length variant due to a deletion of one cytosine in the 5' flanking region of the first repeat block. We designed an alternative forward primer to circumvent possible ambiguities in the allele designation. A total of 54 different genotypes were identified in 135 men corresponding to a discrimination capacity (DC) of 40% and a gene diversity (GD) of 0.97. These values are much higher than those of other Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STRs). DYS464 has the same haplotype diversity (HD) as the combination of the five Y-STR loci with the lowest gene diversities of the Y-STR core set. On the other hand, a combination of the three most diverse loci (DYS464, DYS385 and DYS390) has the same capacity to distinguish between paternal lineages than the complete minimal haplotype (minHT) consisting of eight Y-STR loci. In our population sample the addition of DYS464 to the minHT increases the number of different haplotypes from 110 to 122. The mutation-rate estimate based on the 70 meioses analyzed amounts to 2.86 x 10(-2) (95% confidence interval 3.5 x 10(-3) to 9.95 x 10(-2)). This value is approximately 10 times higher than the average mutation-rate estimate for Y-STRs.     

Duplications of the Y-chromosome specific loci P25 and 92R7 and forensic implications

In the present study, we demonstrate that two commonly used Y-chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), P25 and 92R7, are paralogous sequence variants (PSVs) originating from segmental duplications and that at least one of the sequence variants in each group of loci is polymorphic. Several methodologies were used in order to detect the SNP alleles and the PSVs of the loci. All results obtained with the various typing techniques supported the conclusion. The allele distributions of the binary markers were analysed in more than 600 males with seven different haplogroups. For P25, the ancestral allele C was found in several samples from different haplogroups. The derived allele A was always present with an additional C variant. Haplogroup P was defined by the derived allele A at the 92R7 locus. However, the ancestral allele G was always associated with an A variant due to the duplication.     

罗瑞卿公安院校建设及公安教育思想探析

罗瑞卿十分重视公安院校建设和公安教育,把办好各级公安学校作为建设公安队伍的一个重要组成部分和重要措施.他的公安院校建设和公安教育思想主要包括:与时俱进组建各级公安学校和建立干部轮训制度,明确办学目的和教学方针,加强师资队伍建设,规范教学方法、解决教材问题,强化公安院校学员的教育训练等.