Esterase D phenotyping of bloodstains and hair roots by low voltage isoelectric focusing

A new isoelectric focusing method is described for phenotyping of esterase D in blood stains and hair roots. It permitted easy and rapid discrimination of six phenotypes determined by ESD*1, ESD*2 and ESD*7. Experiments showed it to be practicable in forensic stain work. In addition, this technique was also usable in phenotyping of ESD 5.     

A case of paternity testing influenced by the silent allele of Rh erythrocyte groups

A paternity test is presented in which a father and his two children possessed an extremely rare amorphic gene R-29 (r,---). One of the children was determined to be illegitimate at the first trial as her Rh phenotype was R2R2(ccDEE) and the father's phenotype was R1R1(CCDee). At the Court of Appeal, however, the rare Rh gene r(---) was shown to be inherited from the father to the appellant child through extended tests including her brother whose phenotype was also R2R2(ccDEE). She was acknowledged to be legitimate.     

Comparative radiographic study of human and animal long bone patterns

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that certain radiographic features can be found to distinguish between human and animal long bone fragments, and therefore would be useful as an adjunct in forensic science identification. Using proposed radiographic criteria, 13 archeologists and 12 dentists were asked to identify 20 radiographic samples as representing human or animal bone. Results showed that archeologists correctly identified 86.8% of the samples, and dentists correctly identified 81.9%. Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that radiographic interpretation of long bone fragments may be a useful aid in a forensic science investigation of human and animal remains.     

Testing problems regarding narcotic substances in hair analysis]

The authors discuss legal, ethic, and technological problems associated with introduction of drug testing by analysis of hair in Russia. There are sufficiently reliable methods of hair analysis, but lack of legal basis and poor equipment of forensic chemical departments impede the introduction and wide use of these methods in Russia. The authors propose certification of the best equipped departments and render them the legal status of regional centers for tests for narcotics and psychotropic agents.     

原苏联部长会议主席雷日科夫谈苏联解体、苏共失败的原因

编者按:2008年6月11日,原苏共中央政治局委员、书记处书记,原苏联部长会议主席(总理)尼·伊·雷日科夫一行四人来华访问.全国政协副主席、中国社科院院长陈奎元会见并宴请客人.中国社科院副院长兼当代中国研究所所长朱佳木主持了报告会.报告会上,雷日科夫就苏联解体的原因以及刚刚翻译出版的他的新著<大国的悲剧>一书的相关内容做了演讲,并回答了听众的提问.     

Remembering the bad old days: Human rights, economic conditions, and democratic performance in transitional regimes

Using the natural laboratory of 18 post–communist Central and Eastern European countries, this article presents a basic model for democratic transition, specifically testing two alternative explanations for the degree of citizen satisfaction with the performance of their fledgling democracies: (1) virtues of omission, which include bad actions from which the state refrains, namely violations of individual human rights, and (2) virtues of commission, which include positive state actions, in particular actions enhancing economic well–being. The findings clearly indicate that, during the transition period citizens' sense of the condition of human rights is consistently more important than are perceived economic prospects as predictors of democratic performance.     

A retrospective analysis of alcohol in medicolegal postmortems over a period of five years.

Violence and violent death are everyday events in present-day South Africa. Although this phenomenon may be attributed in great part to the sociopolitical environment, the single most important underlying common factor is the presence of alcohol in both the perpetrators of violence and their victims. We retrospectively studied 948 cases of 2,980 medicolegal autopsies done over a 5-year period. We found that 52.5% of cases tested positively for alcohol, with blood alcohol concentration varying from 0.008 to 0.048 g% (mean = 0.18). Male patients were more common and more likely to be positive than female patients. Breakdown of the cases into various modes of death showed that homicides, vehicular accidents, and suicides predominated. The results are in agreement with earlier studies done locally and elsewhere.     

The determination of benzodiazepines in biological objects on the Milichrome microcolumn liquid chromatograph]

1,4-benzodiazepines and benzophenols, the products of their hydrolytic cleavage, were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography in expert material (stomach, liver, intestine, kidney samples). Milichrome microcolumn liquid chromatograph, designs 1 and 2, was employed, with a chromatography column packed with Separon C18 (5 microns) sorbent. A mixture of (NH4)2HPO4 (0.05 M) and acetonitryl in volume ratio 65:35 was used as the mobile phase in native compound analysis and that in volume ratio 45:55 for benzophenols and medazepam separation. The external standard method was used for quantitative estimation.