不安抗辩权、给付拒绝和预期违约关系的思考——以德国法为中心的考察

围绕合同法第68条、第69条、第94条第2款以及第108条的适用,国内学者对应如何理解传统大陆法系不安抗辩权和英美法系的预期违约制度的关系问题展开了激烈讨论.就在我国1999年合同法实施不久,德国立法者以<债法现代化法>的形式对其实施100多年的旧有债法体系进行了实质性和重大的修改,其中亦包括对不安抗辩权的修改,这为我们理解不安抗辩权和预期违约制度提供了一个新的比较法视野.     

信息化条件下的传统文化本根刍议

结合当前社会总发展的现实与实践以及社会发展的必然、必要条件和因素———即在信息化条件下观照、审视传统文化人文精神,探知传统文化本根在这一条件下的承继与发展,为当前的社会主义先进文化建设服务,应是一个颇为重要、迫切而现实的理论问题。     

从网络性爱看未成年人性道德教育的紧迫性

随着互联网技术的更新换代,充斥网络的视频、音频聊天等方式的“网络性爱”成为引人关注的问题。由于目前未成年人性教育渠道不通畅,性信息的获取主要来源于网络。网络色情泛滥,各种成人网站的开放对身心正处于发展期的未成年人产生了性道德价值迷惘、自我迷失、网络色情强迫症等消极影响。从目前网络现状及相关法律法规来看,建立网络分级和身份认证制度是未成年人性道德教育的可行性途径。     

Mentally disordered offenders in Sweden.

This article reviews the laws in Sweden concerning mentally disordered offenders. It also contains some figures on the relationship between mentally disordered offenders and other offenders sentenced to prison. The rules in Sweden are very different from other countries in that the responsibility concept has been abolished and thus there is no acquittal on a psychiatric basis.     

加入WTO与警察意识

警察权力是国家行政权力的一部分 ,是国家的公共权力 (公权 ) ,它的行使是建立在行政相对人的绝对服从的基础上的。因此 ,警察权力是一种公民个人权利 (私权 )与之无法相比的“特权”。随着社会的进步 ,法制进程的提高 ,尤其是加入WTO ,对我国警察提出了前所未有的新要求。警察必须具有关于警察权力的属性、基本特征等的警察基础理论意识 ;必须具备关于警察权力的设置、行使及限制的依法行政意识 ;必须建立警察权力监督和补救的司法审查意识 ;警察必须具备国际条约与司法合作的国际意识 ;此外 ,警察还必须建立符合时代要求的人权意识。具备了以上几个方面的警察意识 ,才能真正树立警察威信 ,更有效地实现警察权力的职能 ,为加入WTO服务。     

Surveillance of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies in medicolegal autopsies in Finland--monitoring early changes in HIV-seropositivity among risk groups and average population.

In order to cooperate with voluntary screening programs aimed at the surveillance of the HIV epidemic in Finland, we have studied medicolegal autopsies for HIV antibodies since 1986 using an enzyme immunoassay on postmortem sera. The investigation covered 47.4% and 39.2%, respectively, of all deaths under the age of 65 years in the metropolitan areas of Helsinki and Turku--two cities on the densely populated southern coast of Finland from which most HIV infections have thus far been detected. Nine HIV-positive cases (0.12%) were detected among the 7305 medicolegal autopsies tested in 1986 to 1990. This figure is higher than the prevalence of 0.01 to 0.03% in voluntary screening programs for the general population would suggest. Seven of our cases had previously tested positive, and two were previously unknown cases, indicating that people at high risk are clustered in the medicolegal autopsy series. Of the six cases in an early stage of infection, three committed suicide suggesting the importance of HIV-screening in suicide cases in tracing symptomless HIV carriers. Five of the cases were detected in 1990, a year when the number of new HIV infections had more than doubled compared to the previous two years. This suggests that testing of medicolegal autopsies as surrogate tests for the population gives useful information even in low-prevalence areas like Finland. Such testing has none of the ethical problems of many other back-up surveys, and may be particularly sensitive to early changes in epidemiology.     

Dissecting intramural haematoma of the coronary artery with intimal tears.

A dissecting intramural haematoma of the coronary artery is an infrequent cause of sudden and unexpected death. Most cases are women and in a significant number of these women, the haematoma occurred at term to 80 days postpartum. Because the intimal rupture and communication with the lumen were not found in most of the cases, the site of rupture has been considered to be a vasa vasorum. The authors report on a case of one woman who was at a later postpartum period (106 days). The microscopic finding of the dissected coronary artery revealed two intimal tears in a section. The case showed that the dissecting intramural haematoma of the coronary artery is caused not only by the rupture of the vasa vasorum but also by the rupture of the intima.     

论协作型民事诉讼主体关系

一个典型的民事诉讼关系结构应当表现为三角形:当事人之间的关系及法院与双方当事人之间的关系。在法院与当事人之间存在着协作而非制衡的关系,这种协作关系有的国家设计为由当事人主导,有的设计为由法院主导,从抽象意义上说,这两种设计并无优劣之分,而在制度层面上,设计为当事人主导更加合理。     

营口市股份制改造问题研究

通过不断探索和研究,特别是营口市私营经济的蓬勃发展,使我们认识到股份制是公有制的有效实现形式。营口市在企业股份制改造中,打破过去由国有企业单一经营的格局,鼓励各种所有制经济,各类投资主体之间的相互参股、控股,使营口市混合所有制经济有较快的发展。     

Identification based on medical findings

1. The indications such as the place of finding, the identification of clothes or other personal items, represent only the first step towards the identification of a corpse. 2. An identification based on medical data, other than dental, is often possible, more often than it is believed. 3. The forensic pathologist plays a double role in the case of such an identification: a) in the phase of the inquiry, he must contact the investigators and the families to explain his wishes and the different possibilities of identification. b) he must use the gathered information in the appropriate way. 4. It would be desirable to compose some statistical tables of the various medical elements useful for the identification (mutilations, surgical operations, etc...). We present six cases of identification in our practice.