The New Global Threat: Transnational Salafis and Jihad

The ruling to kill the Americans and their allies-civilians and military- is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate al-Aqsa Mosque and the holy mosques from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim. This is in accordance with the words of Almighty God. "And fight the pagans all together as they fight you all together," and "Fight them until there is no more tumult or oppression, and there prevails justice and faith in God."     

对“明显低于或者高于市场价格”的解读——从一件受贿案谈起

交易型受贿中的"明显低于或者高于市场价格"在理论上理解不一,在实践中争议也较大。作为一种新型的受贿犯罪,交易型受贿采取表面合法的交易形式进行,具有隐蔽、复杂等特点。但其在本质上仍然具备受贿罪的共同特征即权钱交易。因此在判断"明显低于或者高于市场价格"时,应当围绕受贿罪权钱交易的本质展开,将合法的市场交易行为与交易型受贿区别开来。     

Emergent patterns in the regulation of pharmaceuticals: institutions and interests in the United States,Canada, Britain,and France

Although industrialized nations regulate pharmaceuticals to ensure their safety and efficacy, they balance these concerns with those related to the timeliness of the approval process and the burdens involved in meeting regulatory criteria. The United States, Canada, Britain, and France have adopted different approaches to the regulation of pharmaceuticals that place varying emphases on these competing goals and involve the participation of private interests to different extents. The regulatory approval processes and the government-industry relationships inherent within them are compared in the United States, Canada, Britain, and France by analyzing five features that distinguish the U.S. pluralist from the European corporatist approaches to policy development: representation (internal versus external), process (closed versus open), stance (informal, accommodative versus formal, adversarial), institutional power (fragmented versus centralized), and resources. An institutional framework further characterizes these approaches as based on models of managerial discretion and adjudication (United States), consultation (Canada), and bargaining (Britain, France) to clarify the patterns that emerge. While the approach that most effectively supports product safety involves managerial discretion as occurs in the United States, formal mechanisms for negotiation might be incorporated rather than a reliance on the judicial process. In an era of globalization and regulatory harmonization such divergence has significant implications. First, where harmonization in Europe involves the mutual recognition of one country's product licensing decision by the others, differences in evaluative processes remain important. Second, as harmonization leads to a common set of regulatory criteria, the criteria adopted tend to be those of nations with the least stringent regulatory standards, making evident the need for more responsive systems of post-market surveillance to protect the public interest.