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891.
In their critique, Garfinkel, McLanahan, and Wallerstein raise concerns about the representativeness of the authors' sample, benchmark approach methodology, and historical review of guidelines, all of which lead them to discount the evidence presented opposing the cliff-model assumption of father expenditures on children, and to laud instead child support guidelines that give little monetary credit or adjustment for visitation. This article presents evidence that (a) this sample is at most little biased, and remains trustworthy for the main implications presented; (b) although only a beginning, the benchmark approach is highly useful and most of the concerns raised about it are ill founded or implausible; and (c) the historical review suggesting that current guidelines assume zero visitation expenses is indeed accurate for the vast majority of states, according to the foremost authority. Thus, notwithstanding the critique, these findings have merit and importance and should be considered by policy makers. The authors also comment on the additional arguments against continuous and generous adjustments for visitation, finding them based on a weak foundation of evidence and reasoning. 相似文献
892.
James H. Mittelman 《国际研究展望》2004,5(3):219-230
From a critical perspective, precisely what kind of knowledge about globalization is meaningful? The distinctive province of a critical orientation to globalization is coming to be defined by a complex of five interacting components: reflexivity, historicism, decentering, crossovers between social inquiry and other streams of knowledge, and an emphasis on strategic transformations. Critical globalization studies may be employed to identify diverse tendencies in world order, parts of a contradictory whole that coexist, with different logics colliding with one another. These are elements of the old configuration, multilateral globalization ; the contemporary structure, militarized globalization ; and the potential constellation, democratic globalization . The motor of transformation is not only countervailing power but also alternative knowledge, which should be demystifying and enabling. 相似文献
893.
While scholars have tended to focus on domestic factors as most critical to the consolidation of democracy, the post-communist
European Union (EU) candidate states have exhibited a unique confluence of domestic and foreign policies, due to their objective
of EU membership. This article assesses and compares the impact of the EU on policy making in two diverse candidate states
in their first decade of transition, focusing on minority rights protection as a fundamental requirement of both EU membership
and a stable democracy. I find that the EU has played a principal role in the reform process and democratic consolidation
of candidate states, even in the controversial field of minority rights. The degree and nature of the EU’s impact, however,
has depended in part on the activism of the particular minority, EU interest and pressure, EU Member States’ own domestic
policies, and the persistence of racism in society.
Dr. Melanie H. Ram is a research associate at the Institute for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies at George Washington
University and Senior Program Officer for the Japan International Cooperation Agency USA Office. She has written extensively
on European Union enlargement and democratic consolidation and reform in Central and Southeastern Europe, and is the author
most recently of “Harmonizing Laws with the European Union: The Case of Intellectual Property Rights in the Czech Republic”
inNorms and Nannies: The Impact of European Organizations on Central and East European States (2002).
Earlier versions of this article were presented at the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, 30 August–2
September 2001, San Francisco, CA and at “Voice or Exit: Comparative Perspectives on Ethnic Minorities in Twentieth Century
Europe,” Humboldt University, Berlin, 14–16 June 2001. 相似文献
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J L Young H V Zonana L Shepler 《The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law》1986,14(2):105-122
Risk of relapse and recidivism makes the failure to take antipsychotic medication as prescribed a significant issue in forensic psychiatry. This question may arise in such contexts as the setting of bail, plea bargaining, the insanity defense, and sentencing. We have reviewed the literature on medication noncompliance in schizophrenia and present here the results, organized by topics relevant for the work of forensic mental health experts. Reported rates of noncompliance vary widely, reflecting major differences in the populations studied and the methods used as well as the complexities involved in defining noncompliant behavior. A noncompliance rate of 50 percent has been attributed globally to chronic patients, both medical and psychiatric. The tendency of significant factors to interact precludes a simple typology of noncompliance. However, environmental security and supportiveness correlate positively with adherence; whereas anxiety, paranoia, grandiosity, depression, and side effects correlate negatively. Clinicians' assessments of whether medication is being taken have proven to be unreliable. Although monitoring by chemical measurement, particularly a radioreceptor assay for urine samples, can be useful, depot injection ensures that prescribed medication is being taken. Less invasive means of promoting compliance are described; psychodynamic and ethical issues to be considered in the monitoring and promotion of compliance over extended time periods are presented. We also probe the link between medication noncompliance and behavioral relapse. The time between default and relapse is most often measured in weeks. Whether due to medication withdrawal or not, the relapse pattern of each individual tends to repeat, allowing its recognition before recidivism occurs. Restarting medication at this stage, especially with a dosage increase, is usually effective. In sum, the forensic mental health expert can now readily use a large and diverse literature to assist with a variety of significant issues. 相似文献
900.
Suicide by exposure to sulfuryl fluoride 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
E H Scheuerman 《Journal of forensic sciences》1986,31(3):1154-1158
The insecticide fumigant, sulfuryl fluoride, was used as an instrument of self destruction in at least two of the three fatal exposures detailed in this report. The autopsy findings, while nonspecific, have a confirmatory value. Toxicologic analysis should include a plasma and a urine fluoride level, since the toxic effects of exposure are probably related to this ion. Concentrations of fluoride in our cases were: 50.42 mg/L (Case 1) and 20 mg/L (Case 3). However, the values must be interpreted in light of all known information as a result of the paucity of reported cases of fatal sulfuryl fluoride exposures. The cases described provide a model for the investigation of tent fumigation deaths. Proper investigation of fumigant deaths requires knowledge of the insecticide, the fumigation procedure, and the implementation of warning devices. Guidelines are offered along with a procedural checklist for the investigation of tent fumigation deaths. 相似文献