The scope of anthropological contributions to human rights investigations

This paper examines the participation of anthropologists in international human rights investigations between 1990 and 1999 by surveying four of the most active organizations, including the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team, the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, Physicians for Human Rights and the U.N.-sponsored International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The education level, sex, nationality and primary role of the anthropological members of each team are quantified, as are the types of projects in which they contributed. The results show that 134 anthropologists from 22 nations investigated nearly 1300 sites in 33 countries during the study period. While involvement is not limited to those with advanced degrees and few obstacles are placed before anthropologists who wish to participate, full-time service within these organizations is rare and those interested in a career in forensic anthropology and human rights should understand the employment limitations.     

村落视野中的国家权力与地方传统——清末以降的花瑶社会生存状况考察

传统现代化理论认为,旧有传统是制约现代化进程的主要因素,随着这一进程的不断深入和现代民族—国家的全面兴起,国家权力将逐渐成为主宰乡村社会的主要力量,传统的力量与影响将最终消失。但对花瑶社会近百年来地方传统与国家权力之间的关系所进行的系统考察,却得出与此相反的结论:在传统国家向现代民族—国家的转变过程中,面对国家权力的强力渗透与侵入,地方传统并未全面瓦解和消失,而是依然在这一社会的日常生活和文明延续中起着重要作用。     

基于Web的远程学习系统

基于Web的远程学习系统是对传统教育方式的有益补充。远程学习系统平台的实现,有赖于国内网络条件的完善。作为一种新的有潜力的课题,远程学习系统以其高效的、突出学生自主学习与交流的优势,必定在将来可以成为成人教育的主流方式。     

On the measurement of low self-control in Add Health and NLSY79

Limited attention has been devoted to the dimensionality of the low self-control scales commonly constructed in two nationally representative datasets routinely used to test self-control theory (SCT) – Add Health and NLSY79. We assess the measurement properties of the low self-control scales by comparing a series of exploratory and confirmatory models that are appropriate for the categorical nature of the observed items, including unidimensional, correlated factors, second-order factor, and bifactor models. Additionally, based on these results we explore the predictive validity of the respective scales on adolescents’ delinquent behavior. The results indicate that the low self-control scales in these data have acceptable levels of internal consistency but do not represent unidimensional latent factors. Rather, scales are best represented by a second-order factor structure. When measured this way, our Add Health scale is associated with delinquency in a cross-sectional context and our NLSY79 scale predicts delinquency longitudinally. This study reveals that low self-control is best conceptualized as a multidimensional construct within these data. The results of this study provide guidance to researchers measuring low self-control in either dataset (or other data sources) and inform the larger SCT measurement literature.     

Informal Social Controls,Procedural Justice and Perceived Police Legitimacy: Do Social Bonds Influence Evaluations of Police Legitimacy?

Although procedural justice has been a key predictor of police legitimacy, recent findings illustrate that other factors influence this outcome (i.e., low self-control and ethnic identity). However, no research to date has evaluated whether individual-level informal social controls impact police legitimacy evaluations. Survey data are used to examine the influence of parental attachment, school commitment and procedural justice on perceived police legitimacy. While procedural justice significantly predicted legitimacy evaluations, no significant relationships were observed between parental attachment, school commitment and police legitimacy. The effects of procedural justice on legitimacy assessments, however, were modestly significantly moderated by parental attachment and school commitment. To maintain legitimacy, police officers should interact with citizens in procedurally fair manners. These results should also be of value concerning how parents and schools legally socialize adolescents.     

网络意识形态领导权的内涵特征及机制构建

网络意识形态领导权体现为党在网络意识形态上的权威,掌握网络意识形态领导权,对于引领网络社会思潮、强化政治制度合法性认同和维护网络意识形态安全至关重要。网络意识形态领导权具有静态性和动态性双重结构,在实践过程中呈现出鲜明的技术性与阶级性相融合、虚拟性与现实性相统一、灌输性与渗透性相结合的特征。为牢牢掌握网络意识形态领导权,要构建以主流意识形态为引领、信息技术为引擎、信息素养提升为内核、工作责任落实为保证的网络意识形态领导权工作机制,以有效应对网络信息化传播对主流意识形态的挑战,让网络空间充盈主旋律和正能量。     

Reviews & notes

Pierre Rosanvallon L'âge de l'autogestion (Paris, 1976, Editions du Seuil).

Daniel Zwerdling, Democracy at Work: A Guide to Workplace Ownership, Participation and Self‐Management Experiments in the United States and Europe (Washington, D.C.: Daniel Zwerdling, 1978). Distributed by Association for Self‐Management, c/o 1414 Spring Road, NW, Washington, D.C. 20010 ($5.50 for individuals/$10.50 for institutions).

Benjamin I. Page, Choices and Echoes in Presidential Elections: Rational Man and Electoral Democracy. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978. 336 pp. $17.50).

Richard Barnet and Ronald Muller, Global Reach (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974)

Giovanni Arrighi, “International Corporations, Labor Aristocracies and Economic Development in Tropical Africa,” in Arrighi and Saul, Essays on the Political Economy of Africa (New York: Monthly Review, 1973).

Henry Landsberger, “The Labor Elite: Is it Revolutionary?,” in Lipset and Solari (eds.), Elites in Latin America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967).

Jürgen Habermas, Communication and the Evolution of Society, trans. Thomas McCarthy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1979. Pp. xxiv, 239. $5.95 paper).

Marshall Sahlins, Culture and Practical Reason (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976. Pp. xi, 252. $4.95 paper).

Leszek Kolakowski's long‐awaited survey of Marxism [Main Currents of Marxism: Its Rise, Growth and Dissolution, 3 volumes, translated from the Polish by P. S. Falla, Oxford University Press, 1978].     

The Effect of Decomposition on the Efficacy of Biometrics for Positive Identification

Biometrics, unique measurable physiological and behavioral characteristics, are used to identify individuals in a variety of scenarios, including forensic investigations. However, data on the longevity of these indicators are incomplete. This study demonstrated that iris and fingerprint biometric data can be obtained up to four days postmortem in warmer seasons and 50 + days in the winter. It has been generally believed, but never studied, that iris recognition is only obtainable within the first 24 hours after death. However, this study showed that they remain viable for longer (2–34 days) depending upon the environmental conditions. Temperature, precipitation, insects, and scavenger activity were the primary factors affecting the retention of biometrics in decomposing human remains. While this study is an initial step in determining the utility of physiological biometrics across postmortem time, biometric research has the potential to make important contributions to human identification and the law enforcement, military, and medicolegal communities.     

公共选择理论视野下的经济法

经济法运用整体主义的方法分析市场失灵的原因,指出为了公共利益,作为公众利益的代言人的国家应当对经济进行干预.公共选择理论使用个人主义的分析方法,利用经济人假设,政治是交易过程,政府也是经济人,它不会从抽象的公共利益出发制定政策,只追求自身利益最大化.公共选择理论的个人主义分析方法、经济人假设和交易的政治观,动摇了国家干预经济的正当性,对经济法构成了严重挑战.     

论刑法分则中一词多义现象及解决的对策

语言具有天然的局限性 ,立法活动 ,司法活动也必然为其所制约 ,因此在刑事立法中不可避免地出现了一词多义的现象 ,而刑事司法中也就必然要面对这一问题。通过对刑法解释论和我国法律解释实践的分析 ,笔者总结了法律解释的一般规律 ,设想了刑法解释的系统框架 ,并依据法律解释的规律和实践 ,分析了刑法分则中罪状部分的一词多义现象 ,列举了部分典型的词语并予以解释。