The benefits and costs of the Section 8 housing subsidy program: A framework and estimates of first‐year effects

This paper provides estimates for a comprehensive set of social benefits and costs associated with the federal Housing Choice Voucher ( Section 8 ) program. The impact categories for which we provide empirical estimates include the value of the voucher to recipients; additional services and public benefits induced by voucher receipt; improvements in children's health, education, and criminal behaviors; the costs of voucher provision; the labor supply impacts on voucher recipients; and community effects. These estimates rest largely on empirical analyses of the effect of voucher receipt on several recipient and taxpayer behaviors and outcomes that occur in the first year of voucher receipt. The analysis distinguishes benefits and costs accruing to program participants, nonparticipants—including taxpayers and property owners—and society as a whole. Our analysis suggests that the program is likely to meet the efficiency standard of positive net social benefits. © 2011 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.     

Preliminary evaluation of the persistence of organic gunshot residue

The organic components of gunshot residue (OGSR, also called firearms discharge residue (FDR) or cartridge discharge residue (CDR)) have been studied and discussed in the literature. These residues, consisting of particulates such as burned and unburned powder as well as molecular compounds, are rarely used in casework except for purposes such as shooting reconstructions. Molecular compounds that survive the firing event or that are created as a result of the firing event could, with focused research and development, open a new avenue for forensic gunshot residue analysis. In this study, the persistence of organic gunshot residue was evaluated using diphenylamine (DPA) as a target analyte and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) as the detection system. Samples were collected from hands using a solvent swabbing technique and the swab was analyzed using direct thermal desorption for sample introduction into the IMS. OGSR was found to persist for at least 4h. Although DPA is a widely used industrial compound, analysis of numerous blank and background samples (n～100) did not show any significant response for DPA using this detector. Variations were noted among individuals and as such, the data set does not support estimation of a half-life as has been done for traditional primer residues. No secondary transfers were observed, suggesting the possibility of skin adhesion via interactions between the lipophilic organic compounds and skin lipids. IMS proved valuable as a means of generating patterns for forensic pattern matching and shows promise as a screening tool applied to firearms discharge.     

论农业合作社的法律性质

农业合作社是农民自愿组成的、以互利为基础的、自治性的生产经营组织。其作用正越来越受到重视 ,《合作经济组织法》也已列入十届全国人大立法规划。尽管农业合作社是生产经营组织 ,但其与公司在营利性和成员权利方面存在着很大不同 ;与集体经济组织在产生原因和目的以及成员边界等方面也不相同。因此 ,农业合作社是一种既不完全同于公司、又不同于集体经济组织的特殊法人。承认这种特殊性 ,是保证合作社法的具体规则得以科学、合理安排的前提和基础     

Pulmonary macrophage counts in deceased infants: baseline data for further study of infant mortality

Infant lung samples were obtained prospectively at autopsy by medical examiner pathologists in five areas of the United States and regardless of the cause of death. Four sections were examined for each case and were taken from the anterior and posterior aspects of the right and left upper lung lobes. Lung sections were stained with HAM-56 immunostain, which is specific for macrophages. Sixty-one cases were evaluated for the study. Three pathologists independently counted the number of macrophages per 40x field (10x ocular) in 10 contiguous fields near the center of each lung section examined. There was good agreement between pathologists on the average number of macrophages observed in each case. The mean macrophage count for all fields counted was 16.5 per 40x field (range 0-136), and the mean for individual cases was 16 (range 6.6-39.4). There was no observed difference between right, left, anterior, and posterior lung sections. There was a tendency for cases certified as sudden infant death syndrome to show lower macrophage counts than those with other causes of death, but the difference was of only marginal statistical significance. Seven of 10 cases in which infants died after a survival period in the hospital had a mean macrophage count greater than the overall mean of 16 per 40x field. These data suggest that mean pulmonary macrophage counts > 16 per 40x field may be a marker for causes of death other than sudden infant death syndrome or that there was a survival interval. These data may be useful as baseline data for further studies of infant mortality possibly involving pathologic changes in the lungs.     

The devil may be in the details: how the characteristics of SCHIP programs affect take-up.

In this paper, we explore whether the specific design of a state's program has contributed to its success in meeting two objectives of the Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP): increasing the health insurance coverage of children in lower income families and doing so with a minimum reduction in their private health insurance coverage (crowd-out). In our analysis, we use two years of Current Population Survey data, 2000 and 2001, matched with detailed data on state programs. We focus on two populations: the eligible population of children, broadly defined--those living in families with incomes below 300 percent of the federal poverty line (FPL)--and a narrower group of children, those who we estimate are eligible for Medicaid or SCHIP. Unique state program characteristics in the analysis include whether the state plan covers families; whether the state uses presumptive eligibility; the number of months without private coverage that are required for eligibility; whether there is an asset test; whether a face-to-face interview is required; and specific outreach activities. Our results provide evidence that state program characteristics are significant determinants of program success.     

谈公安民警的言语行为规范

公安民警良好的言语行为是做好公安工作的一个重要因素,当前公安民警的言语行为存在一些不规范之处,这直接影响着公安队伍的形象。公安民警良好的言语行为规范,既是警务工作的重要工具,也是公安工作中的艺术,更是沟通警民关系的桥梁和拉动警民关系顺利发展的纽带。文章论述了公安民警应当遵守的言语行为规范:礼貌文明,满腔热情;掌握策略,谦让克己;遵纪守法,尊重人格。     

Is the Effect of Procedural Justice on Police Legitimacy Invariant? Testing the Generality of Procedural Justice and Competing Antecedents of Legitimacy

Objectives

This study tests the generality of Tyler’s process-based model of policing by examining whether the effect of procedural justice and competing variables (i.e., distributive justice and police effectiveness) on police legitimacy evaluations operate in the same manner across individual and situational differences.

Methods

Data from a random sample of mail survey respondents are used to test the “invariance thesis” (N = 1681). Multiplicative interaction effects between the key antecedents of legitimacy (measured separately for obligation to obey and trust in the police) and various demographic categories, prior experiences, and perceived neighborhood conditions are estimated in a series of multivariate regression equations.

Results

The effect of procedural justice on police legitimacy is largely invariant. However, regression and marginal results show that procedural justice has a larger effect on trust in law enforcement among people with prior victimization experience compared to their counterparts. Additionally, the distributive justice effect on trust in the police is more pronounced for people who have greater fear of crime and perceive higher levels of disorder in their neighborhood.

Conclusion

The results suggest that Tyler’s process-based model is a “general” theory of individual police legitimacy evaluations. The police can enhance their legitimacy by ensuring procedural fairness during citizen interactions. The role of procedural justice also appears to be particularly important when the police interact with crime victims.

     

当前俄罗斯银行体系发展战略评析

面对金融全球化和金融自由化的浪潮,转轨国家不断调整其金融开放政策,特别是制定开放条件下的金融发展战略成为转轨国家最为重要的过渡安排.俄罗斯银行体系发展总体呈现趋好态势,然而直到目前,一系列内外因素依然抑制俄罗斯银行部门的发展.尤其值得关注的是,俄罗斯银行体系稳定发展面临两个无法回避的问题的挑战:银行信贷扩张问题和银行的资本化比率提高问题,这也是俄罗斯制定银行发展战略必须考虑的问题.总的来看,2005-2008年,俄罗斯银行部门发展的主要目标是提高银行体系的稳定性和银行部门运行的效率;提高银行部门在经济中的作用也是国家制定银行战略的最重要的任务之一.