Surveillance of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies in medicolegal autopsies in Finland--monitoring early changes in HIV-seropositivity among risk groups and average population.

In order to cooperate with voluntary screening programs aimed at the surveillance of the HIV epidemic in Finland, we have studied medicolegal autopsies for HIV antibodies since 1986 using an enzyme immunoassay on postmortem sera. The investigation covered 47.4% and 39.2%, respectively, of all deaths under the age of 65 years in the metropolitan areas of Helsinki and Turku--two cities on the densely populated southern coast of Finland from which most HIV infections have thus far been detected. Nine HIV-positive cases (0.12%) were detected among the 7305 medicolegal autopsies tested in 1986 to 1990. This figure is higher than the prevalence of 0.01 to 0.03% in voluntary screening programs for the general population would suggest. Seven of our cases had previously tested positive, and two were previously unknown cases, indicating that people at high risk are clustered in the medicolegal autopsy series. Of the six cases in an early stage of infection, three committed suicide suggesting the importance of HIV-screening in suicide cases in tracing symptomless HIV carriers. Five of the cases were detected in 1990, a year when the number of new HIV infections had more than doubled compared to the previous two years. This suggests that testing of medicolegal autopsies as surrogate tests for the population gives useful information even in low-prevalence areas like Finland. Such testing has none of the ethical problems of many other back-up surveys, and may be particularly sensitive to early changes in epidemiology.     

Dissecting intramural haematoma of the coronary artery with intimal tears.

A dissecting intramural haematoma of the coronary artery is an infrequent cause of sudden and unexpected death. Most cases are women and in a significant number of these women, the haematoma occurred at term to 80 days postpartum. Because the intimal rupture and communication with the lumen were not found in most of the cases, the site of rupture has been considered to be a vasa vasorum. The authors report on a case of one woman who was at a later postpartum period (106 days). The microscopic finding of the dissected coronary artery revealed two intimal tears in a section. The case showed that the dissecting intramural haematoma of the coronary artery is caused not only by the rupture of the vasa vasorum but also by the rupture of the intima.     

摆脱羁绊沉静深思振兴儒学——在"儒家思想与跨文化交流"国际学术研讨会上的讲话

2006年12月3日上午,初冬的京城阳光灿烂,在中国人民大学逸夫楼内,全国人大常委会副委员长、民进中央主席许嘉璐教授继“人民大学2004年国际儒学论坛”上发表热情洋溢的演讲后,这次又围绕“儒家思想与跨文化交流”的主题,作了深入浅出、发人深省的演讲。本刊特予全文发表,以飨读者。——编者     

论时代和实践发展赋予党的先进性的新内涵

党的先进性是具体的、历史的,不是一成不变的。随着时代和实践的发展,党的先进性也被赋予了一系列新的内涵,其中包括不断进行理论创新、领导科技事业、推动市场经济发展、实现科学执政、民主执政、依法执政、为人民提供更多的无愧于时代的精神文化产品、在党的建设上走制度改革和制度创新之路等等。只有不断丰富、充实党的先进性的内涵,党才能永葆生机,不断巩固执政地位。     

Identification based on medical findings

1. The indications such as the place of finding, the identification of clothes or other personal items, represent only the first step towards the identification of a corpse. 2. An identification based on medical data, other than dental, is often possible, more often than it is believed. 3. The forensic pathologist plays a double role in the case of such an identification: a) in the phase of the inquiry, he must contact the investigators and the families to explain his wishes and the different possibilities of identification. b) he must use the gathered information in the appropriate way. 4. It would be desirable to compose some statistical tables of the various medical elements useful for the identification (mutilations, surgical operations, etc...). We present six cases of identification in our practice.     

Inmates: Who occupies our jails?

The purpose of this investigation was to identify inmate personal and demographic data that may be used to further define or profile persons with a greater likelihood of being at risk for serving a jail sentence. This study was explorative. The survey administration was similar in format to that conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice. Chaplains were used as survey proctors. Pilot studies were conducted to determine the suitability of survey content. Surveys consisted of 172 items. Subjects included four hundred inmates: males comprised 88.75 percent of the sample, Caucasians 58.25 percent, Blacks 37 percent, Hispanics 3.25 percent and other 1.5 percent of the sample. Respondents ranged in age from 15 to 64 years with an average age of 30.3 years. Less than two percent of the contacted inmates refused participation in the survey. Results are presented for demographic data, select legal/criminal data, select drug and alcohol use data, employment data, health, parent/family data, education data, social data, and “other”.     

物权法体系构造之若干问题探讨

本文从民法体系构造方法的检讨入手,指出了目前理论界在方法论上存在的问题。以此为基础,文章分析了物权法在民法典中的地位,并以对物权为上位概念构建了物权、准物权和无形财产权三位一体的逻辑体系。最后,作者借功能性构造方法,就用益物权的类型体系作了示例性的建构。     

试论行政相对人程序性权利的设定原则

随着程序权利观念的不断深入,世界各国对行政程序越来越重视,相对人在行政程序上的权利,已成为现代行政法学研究的重要课题。目前法学理论对行政相对人程序性权利的研究颇多,但由于程序性权利内容广泛并处于不断变化发展之中,所以笔者认为明确相对人程序性权利的设定原则最为关键。文章从行政相对人的性质、地位着手,提出了信息交流畅通原则、操作简易性原则、事前保护为主和事后保护为辅的原则、保护基本权利的原则等设定行政相对人程序性权利应遵循的原则。     

关于商业银行可持续发展问题的思考

可持续发展是我国商业银行稳定健康发展的内在要求,其核心在于正确处理和把握好管理与发展、质量与速度、长远利益和短期利益的关系问题。商业银行可持续发展的基本要素主要有发展、规模、结构、质量、效益、规范、创新等。