文学社会学的观念和方法

文学与社会的必然联系既决定了从社会学角度研究文学的必要性,也导致文学理论批评对社会学研究方法的引进,这是文学社会学产生的根由。文学社会学的起因在于19世纪实证主义的流行以及社会学的兴起;此时文学批评对社会学方法的借鉴,主要是以实证精神探寻文学作品产生、发展及其特定形态的社会、历史和民族的根源。20世纪马克思主义文学批评立足于社会实践与生产关系,发展出"理论的和批判的"文学社会学。而法国的文学社会学学派则以"统计材料"为依据,把文学社会学的观念和方法扩展到商品流通和消费领域;也有批评家致力于对文学语言的社会性及意识形态性质的探讨,建立所谓"文本社会学"。     

缺失与斧正——从行政生态到生态行政

资源环境问题的恶化反映了行政生态理论的重大缺失,其不能有效指导公共行政以应对资源环境危机。着眼于事物的根本,寻求破解资源环境问题的政府管理之道,就是要推行生态行政。生态行政是对行政生态的修正,推行生态行政需要从斧正行政目标、强化政府环保责任、平衡政府权能、完善绩效评估指标体系、约束政府生态管理行为等方面加以实现。     

万物有灵:人对自然的初步读解

灵魂信仰是万物有灵的核心 ,也是其学说构成的基础。万物有灵是人类史前时期的必然阶段 ,同时也是人类对自然的初步读解。万物有灵的必由之路是进入神话 ,从其运行的轨迹来看 ,神话首先是出现自然神的故事 ,然后是英雄神的故事。万物有灵给予人类以向外体察自然万物的窗口 ,在这个窗口上 ,人类所获得的能力 ,就是神化自然 ,通过神话来读解自然。     

Thyreoglobulin and violent asphyxia

The concentration of thyreoglobulin (tg) was determined for death caused by hanging, strangulation by ligature, and throttling. Cases of sudden death (traumatic aortic rupture, penetrating wounds of the heart) were used for comparison. The mean values in cases of hanging (149.9±202.3 ng/ml), strangulation by ligature (193.1±173.3), manual strangulation (561.6±173.9) are distinguishable from violent acute deaths (23.3±27.6) and living healthy individuals (17.3±16.1). By means of statistical comparisons, significant differences were found between throttling and strangulation by ligature and between throttling and hanging (adjusted P<0.001). In connection with examination of the bodies high tg values can be regarded as a vital reaction in obstructive asphyxia.     

COMMUNITY ACCOUNTABILITY,MINORITY THREAT,AND POLICE BRUTALITY: AN EXAMINATION OF CIVIL RIGHTS CRIMINAL COMPLAINTS*

A growing body of evidence shows that minorities are disproportionately the targets of police brutality, but important theoretical questions about the causes of that inequity remain unanswered. One promising line of research involves structural‐level analyses of the incidence of police brutality complaints; however, existing studies do not incorporate variables from alternative theoretical explanations. Drawing on the community accountability hypothesis and the threat hypothesis, we tested the predictions of two prominent structural‐level explanations of police brutality in a study of civil rights criminal complaints. The study included cities of 150,000+ population (n = 114). The findings reveal that two community accountability variables—ratio percent Hispanic citizens to percent Hispanic police officers and the presence of citizen review—were related positively to police brutality complaints, partially supporting that perspective. Two threat hypothesis measures of threatening people—percent black and percent Hispanic (in the Southwest)—were related positively to complaints, as predicted. The relative degree of support for the two hypotheses is assessed.     

Diversity and Discontent: The Relationship Between School Desegregation and Perceptions of Racial Justice

A number of recent studies have explored the consequences ofinterracial peer effects on the academic and social performanceof minority students. This article contributes to that discussion,focusing, however, on perceptions rather than behaviors. Theanalysis suggests that exposure to white peers is associatedwith declining perceptions of racial justice among black andLatino high school students. While cautioning against causalinterpretations of this finding, the article suggests that theintegrationist aims of Brown v. Board of Education will notbe satisfied without more thoughtful and vigorous desegregationefforts.     

A report of an international collaborative experiment to demonstrate the uniformity obtainable using DNA profiling techniques.

This paper describes a collaborative exercise intended to demonstrate whether uniformity of DNA profile results could be achieved between different European laboratories. It was shown that this goal can be obtained provided that a common protocol is followed (specifically the use of a common electrophoretic buffer as being the most important parameter). Generally, lower molecular weight loci (with lower molecular weight fragments) such as YNH24 perform better than higher molecular weight loci such as MS43a. The results of the exercise are discussed in relation to the objectives of the European DNA profiling group (EDNAP).     

试评澳大利亚霍华德政府的均衡外交政策

霍华德政府的"均衡"外交政策,是世纪之交澳大利亚政府外交政策的一个显著变化.霍华德四次执政,其"均衡"外交政策的成效是重要因素之一.本文试从当代澳大利亚外交的两大支柱--澳美关系和澳亚关系的角度,评述霍华德政府均衡外交政策的基本内容、发展演变的特点和原因及所面临的问题,并在此基础上,解读未来澳大利亚均衡外交的走向.