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991.
Etienne Pfister Bruno Deffains Myriam Doriat-Duban Stéphane Saussier 《European Journal of Law and Economics》2006,21(1):53-78
This paper investigates a new dataset of franchise networks in nine countries in order to assess whether and to what extent
do institutions influence the practice of franchising. Our regressions relate the structure of franchise networks (the rate
of franchised units as opposed to corporate units) to individual parameters supposed to reflect the extent of moral hazards
on the franchisor's and franchisee's sides and, more specifically, to various institutional parameters of the franchisor's
country, namely, the legal tradition, the level of procedural formalism, the constraints imposed by labour regulation and
the effectiveness of trademark protection. While agency theory parameters seem to perform rather badly in this international
setting, institutions such as trademark protection and labour regulation have more explanatory power: greater trademark protection
encourages franchising and the impact of labour regulation is mostly positive, depending on the type of labour regulation
that is being considered. The effect of legal tradition and formalism seems negligible once these parameters are taken in.
JEL Classification D23 · F23 · K12 相似文献
992.
993.
Stratégies syndicales et renouvellement des élites: le syndicat FTMH face à la crise des années 1990
Frédéric Widmer 《Swiss Political Science Review》2007,13(3):395-431
En nous centrant sur le cas de la FTMH entre 1970 et 2004, nous analysons l'adaptation des syndicats dans le contexte de leur affaiblissement au cours des années 1990. Selon nous, l'affaiblissement du syndicat dans la sphère économique a donné lieu à un déplacement de l'action syndicale vers la sphère politique. Il est possible de dégager deux axes dans la redéfinition de la stratégie de la FTMH, dont le premier concerne le renouvellement des élites: des nouveaux dirigeants, universitaires et marqués par leur appartenance au PSS, remplacent les “élites traditionnelles” du syndicat. Ce renouvellement a appuyé un deuxième changement: un nouveau rapport à l'état et une diversification des registres d'action du syndicat. Les négociations collectives s'accompagnent désormais de stratégies de politisation, mais aussi de mobilisations, ainsi que d'une volonté de s'assurer une meilleure visibilité médiatique. L'ensemble de ces évolutions témoignent d'un rapprochement avec le PSS. 相似文献
994.
Scott Mainwaring Daniel Brinks Aníbal Pérez-Liñán 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》2001,36(1):37-65
This article is about how political regimes should generally be classified, and how Latin American regimes should be classified for the 1945–99 period. We make five general claims about regime classification. First, regime classification should rest on sound concepts and definitions. Second, it should be based on explicit and sensible coding and aggregation rules. Third, it necessarily involves some subjective judgments. Fourth, the debate about dichotomous versus continuous measures of democracy creates a false dilemma. Neither democratic theory, nor coding requirements, nor the reality underlying democratic practice compel either a dichotomous or a continuous approach in all cases. Fifth, dichotomous measures of democracy fail to capture intermediate regime types, obscuring variation that is essential for studying political regimes. This general discussion provides the grounding for our trichotomous ordinal scale, which codes regimes as democratic, semi-democratic or authoritarian in nineteen Latin American countries from 1945 to 1999. Our trichotomous classification achieves greater differentiation than dichotomous classifications and yet avoids the need for massive information that a very fine-grained measure would require. 相似文献
995.
This paper examines the determinants of patenting and spin-off creation using survey data of 479 researchers in engineering
and 449 researchers in life sciences funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). The
results show that research novelty and laboratory size are the only two variables significantly explaining patenting and spin-off
formation in both engineering and life sciences. Network capital explains spin-off formation in engineering and in life sciences
as well as patenting in life sciences, but not in engineering. Furthermore, the results suggest that many categories of resources
explain patenting and spin-off formation in engineering and in life sciences, but that the combinations of resources required
differ for patenting and spin-off formation and between engineering and life sciences. The results of this paper suggest that
customized policies would be required to accommodate differences between spin-off formation and patenting as well as between
engineering and life sciences.
相似文献
996.
Asia Europe Journal - 相似文献
997.
998.
Transitioning policy: co-production of a new strategic framework for energy innovation policy in the Netherlands 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This article describes policy–science interactions in a transition process in which we were involved as scientists. We describe the interactions that occurred in a project for the fourth National Environmental Policy Plan in the Netherlands. The project was successful in that it produced a new concept and set of principles for policy to deal with persistent problems such as global climate change, which were used in the national policy plan. The new concept was that of transition and the principles were: policy integration, long-term thinking for short-term action, keeping multiple options open and learning-by-doing and doing-by-learning. Retrospectively, we ask ourselves: what factors facilitated the acceptance of the first ideas about transition management? Reconstructing the events and drawing on interviews with key individuals involved, we have tried to find the key factors for the adoption of the ideas developed in the project. Finally, we reflect upon our role as scientists-advisors and the role of others in the development of a new story line and set of principles for policy. Our own assessment, 8 years later, is that we were engaged in boundary work. 相似文献
999.
Sylvana M. Côté 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2007,13(3-4):183-200
Males generally use aggression more often than females. However, the magnitude of difference between the sexes varies widely
according to the type of aggression that is considered, and according to the developmental period studied. Taking a developmental
perspective, this paper reviews research that compares the progression of physical aggression (predominantly used by males)
with indirect aggression (predominantly used by females) among males and females. Existing empirical evidence indicates that
most children cease to use physical aggression during the course of childhood, but that a minority fails to do so. This group
is comprised of children with high, stable levels of PA and is mostly male. Overall, most children use low levels of IA, but
there is one group that uses this type of aggression with increasing frequency. This group is mostly female. Importantly,
the differences between the sexes are not stable over time. Rather, while the gap between males and females is present during
preschool years, it widens considerably during childhood and preadolescence. A review of hypotheses based on evolution, biology
and social learning provides critical insight into the origins and development of sex differences in aggression over the life
course. We conclude by arguing that violence in males may be effectively reduced through early, sustained intervention with
high-risk mothers. 相似文献
1000.