潜血手印四甲基联苯胺显现法的改进

对四甲基联苯胺显现潜血手印在实际工作中遇到的不足进行了优化,结合案例,运用比较的方法说明优化前后显现效果的不同。     

CODIS位点在排除亲权中的应用价值

目的 对 CODIS位点 (FGA、 vWA、 CSF1PO、 TH01、 TPOX、 D3S1358、 D5S818、 D7S820、 D8S1179、 D13S317、 D16S539、 D18S51和 D21S11共 13个 STR位点 )在 100例排除亲权的亲子鉴定中的应用价值进行研究。方法 采用 Profiler Plus及 Cofiler荧光标记复合扩增系统,通过 310遗传分析仪对上述二个检测体系扩增产物的基因型进行分析。结果 在排除亲权的母亲－孩子－假设父亲三联体组中,所有观察案例其出现的排除指标数都在 3个以上,平均排除指标数为 6.63个;在假设父亲－孩子二联体组中, 94.0％的观察案例其排除指标数均在 3个以上,平均排除指标数为 5.01个。结论 CODIS位点在排除亲权的二联体和三联体组合亲子鉴定中,都符合鉴定应用要求 ;选择多态性较高的位点与增加排除指标存在直接的联系,以 DP、 H、 PE作为衡量 DNA位点应用价值的指标在具体鉴定实践中是可靠和可行的。     

农村经济增长政策的扶贫效应分析

近10多年来,政府的农村经济增长政策与扶贫项目之成效如何?通过对12个扶贫样本村调查资料的定性分析发现,不同类型的扶贫项目和政策在不同村庄有的成功,有的失败,并呈现"规律性"效应,即:投向改善村民生产生活类的项目呈现正效应,而直接投向生活的产业发展类项目呈现负效应.这与扶贫项目决策与执行机制的非民主与责任流失,以及宏观政策在扶贫效应上的非匹配等问题密切相关.     

改革开放以来党内民主建设的发展历程和基本经验

改革开放以来,我们党以马克思主义的理论勇气、科学态度和创新精神,探索党内民主发展的新问题,开拓党内民主发展的新路,取得了重要的成果。在新的历史起点上对改革开放以来党内民主建设进行经验总结,对于进一步发展党内民主,有着重要的意义和启示。     

对做好共青团基层工作的若干理论与实践思考——一个社会学的视角

在转型加速期和建设社会主义和谐社会背景下,推动共青团基层工作具有明显的时代性和紧迫性.从推动条件角度看,我们必须进行全团资源盘点,一方面,要观察资源体量,另一方面要着眼资源分配.当前共青团资源在体量上存在既丰富又不丰富的两面性;而资源分配呈现出倒三角、差距大和调配不平衡三种不同状态,这些构成了基层运用有限资源和我们调动资源支持基层的前提.而从推动机制角度来看,当前推进共青团基层工作,相对较易的切入口是服务领域,可以以服务带动引导和维权,同时须针对不同类型的基层组织,抓住不同的重点,进一步完善推进步骤,在全国层面出台一定的引导性政策.     

Peace education and childhood

Peace studies and peace education are multifaceted processes focusing on diverse audiences from children in elementary grades to those involved in political negotiations at the highest levels. This paper addresses the foundational importance of including conflict embedded in adult-child relationships in peace education. It conceptually grounds assignments for university level courses designed to teach concepts linked to peace education through the vehicle of understanding violence against children. Such learning is designed to liberate students from the hegemony of adultism, the colonial relationship between adults and children and in turn to contribute to the advancement of peace education. Such pedagogy reflects the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child’s call for educational measures to protect and support children’s human dignity. Such an approach is especially relevant for peace education, as a large body of research across disciplines has provided substantial evidence of a significant relationship between childhood experiences of violence and subsequent juvenile and adult behavioral and social problems including conflict and violence. The approach and assignments described in this paper reflect insights about the use of narratives of childhood experiences, the etiology and effects of violence against children and the reproduction of conflict and violence across generations.     

Teen Motherhood and Pregnancy Prototypes: The Role of Social Context in Changing Young African American Mothers’ Risk Images and Contraceptive Expectations

Despite the declining rate of teen pregnancies in the United States, academic and public health experts have expressed concern over the still relatively high rate of rapid repeat pregnancies among adolescents, particularly among minority youth. Using a sample of over 300 African American female adolescents, the current study used insights from the prototype/willingness model of adolescent risk behavior to explore this risk. More specifically, it assessed the relationship between entry into unwed motherhood during mid-to-late adolescence and changes in prototypes of unmarried pregnant teens. Further, it explored the extent to which these changing prototypes accounted for young mothers’ later contraceptive expectations. We tested the possibility that social images were affected not only by personal experience (the birth of a child) but also by the family and community context in which this experience took place. The findings show that the early entrance into teen motherhood was associated with a shift toward more favorable prototypes of unwed pregnant teens, but that this was only the case for young mothers in disadvantaged contexts. Given this, prototype changes helped to explain the link between teen motherhood and contraceptive expectations only for those in disadvantaged contexts. We discuss these findings in terms of their practical and theoretical implications.     

The Contribution of Community and Family Contexts to African American Young Adults’ Romantic Relationship Health: A Prospective Analysis

Accumulating evidence suggests that African American men and women experience unique challenges in developing and maintaining stable, satisfying romantic relationships. Extant studies have linked relationship quality among African American couples to contemporaneous risk factors such as economic hardship and racial discrimination. Little research, however, has examined the contextual and intrapersonal processes in late childhood and adolescence that influence romantic relationship health among African American adults. We investigated competence-promoting parenting practices and exposure to community-related stressors in late childhood, and negative relational schemas in adolescence, as predictors of young adult romantic relationship health. Participants were 318 African American young adults (59.4 % female) who had provided data at four time points from ages 10–22 years. Structural equation modeling indicated that exposure to community-related stressors and low levels of competence-promoting parenting contributed to negative relational schemas, which were proximal predictors of young adult relationship health. Relational schemas mediated the associations of competence-promoting parenting practices and exposure to community stressors in late childhood with romantic relationship health during young adulthood. Results suggest that enhancing caregiving practices, limiting youths’ exposure to community stressors, and modifying relational schemas are important processes to be targeted for interventions designed to enhance African American adults’ romantic relationships.     

Trajectories of Physical Dating Violence from Middle to High School: Association with Relationship Quality and Acceptability of Aggression

Although research on dating violence is growing, little is known about the distinct developmental trajectories of dating violence during adolescence. The current study identifies trajectories of physical dating violence victimization and perpetration that boys and girls follow from sixth to twelfth grade, examines the overlap of these trajectories, and characterizes them by perceptions of a caring dating relationship and acceptability of dating aggression. The sample consisted of randomly selected sixth graders from nine schools in Northeast Georgia (n = 588; 52 % boys; 49 % White, 36 % African American, 12 % Latino) who completed yearly surveys from Grades 6–12. We used latent class mixture modeling to identify the trajectories and generalized estimating equations models to examine the acceptability of dating aggression by dating violence trajectories. Participants followed two trajectories of dating violence victimization (boys: low and high; girls: low and increasing) and two of perpetration (boys and girls: low and increasing). When examining the joint trajectories of victimization and perpetration, a similar proportion of boys (62 %) and girls (65 %) were in the low victimization and low perpetration group and reported the lowest acceptance of dating aggression. The same proportion of boys and girls (27 %) were in the high/increasing victimization and perpetration group, and reported the highest acceptance of dating aggression. However, acceptance of dating aggression decreased from Grade 6–12 for all groups, even for those whose trajectory of dating violence increased. Victimization and perpetration were associated with reporting a less caring dating relationship. Results highlight the importance of focusing prevention efforts early for adolescents who follow this increasing probability of physical dating violence.