自治与法治的协调统一——从长春亚泰案谈行政协会的性质与法律监督

经过二十多年的市场化改革 ,我国出现了如律协、足协、注册会计师协会等具有自治属性的社会组织 ;这些组织具有全体性、自治性和公权力性 ,承担着原由政府部门行使的管理职能 ,成为公共行政的主体。对这些组织既要予以法治监督 ,又要注意保护其行业自治权 ;在司法审查时 ,需要从设置诉前行政救济程序与合理限定司法审查范围等方面防止司法权过度介入其自治权。     

Countering Punitiveness: Understanding Stability in Canada's Imprisonment Rate

Canada's imprisonment rate has not changed appreciably since 1960. This stability contrasts with the increased imprisonment rates experienced by Canada's most obvious comparators—the United States and England and Wales. We examine this divergence and propose several interrelated explanations for Canada's anomalous pattern. While Canada is shown not to be immune to pressure for harsher practices and policies, it has been able to counter or balance these trends with other more moderating forces. In particular, we suggest that Canadians have largely been able to escape several of the wider forces or "risk factors" at the root of higher incarceration in other countries. Further, we suggest that certain protective factors of a historical, cultural, and structural nature can also be identified that have limited the extent to which Canada has adopted the same punitive policies documented in the United States and England and Wales.     

猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP5基因对小鼠的DNA免疫

将表达完整猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)GP5和融合表达泛素与GP5成熟肽的真核重组表达质粒(pCI-GP5和pcDNA-U-GP5)分别肌肉注射免疫BALB/c小鼠,共免疫3次。采用间接ELISA法检测血清中抗GP5的抗体水平,MTT法检测脾淋巴细胞的增殖能力,LDH释放试验检测脾NK细胞的杀伤活性,并通过流式细胞术检测脾淋巴细胞亚群的比例。结果发现,2种DNA重组质粒免疫后均可诱导小鼠产生体液免疫和细胞免疫。三免后第5周,pCI-GP5质粒免疫组诱导产生的抗GP5抗体水平及NK活性明显高于pcDNA-U-GP5质粒免疫组;而pcDNA-U-GP5免疫组的淋巴细胞增殖指数及CD4-CD8 T细胞比例明显高于pCI-GP5组。表明,GP5基因可诱导产生较高的免疫反应,泛素与GP5的融合表达可增强PRRSV GP5诱导的细胞免疫反应。     

The view from below: Local government and Putin's reforms

Local government reforms in contemporary Russia are placed in the broader contexts of political reform under Putin and the historical relationship between local administration and the state. Reforms of local government thus help illuminate the architecture of contemporary state building in Russia and the degree to which contemporary Russia perpetuates political traditions. This study reviews the antecedent action in local government prior to the Putin era. It then examines the Kozak Commission and the new law on local government, assessing the strengths and weaknesses of these reforms. Finally, this study examines the challenges of implementing the reforms and what these challenges tell us about devolution and centralisation under Putin.     

蒙古国“多支点”外交政策及其对我周边安全环境的影响

前苏联解体后,蒙古国基于自身实际构建的“多支点”全方位外交政策,已经对我北部战略安全环境产生了一定影响,分析蒙古国外交政策的动因、走向及其趋向,制订符合我国国家利益的应对措施,已经成为当前国家战略的一项重要课题。     

RATE OF OFFENDING IN JUVENILE CAREERS: FINDINGS OF CONSTANCY AND CHANGE IN LAMBDA *

This study examines changes in the rate of offending in a sample of 8,834 males whose official juvenile law-violating careers included 26,650 offense episodes between ages 8 and 17 The rate of offending of active offenders (i.e., lambda) varied substantially as a function of age, increasing monotonically with age. Lambda, however, was not related to the age at first offense. In fact, the average lambda was amazingly constant at each individual age level regardless of the age at which offending began or desisted. Results are discussed in the light of age-crime curves known from other data sets and from the perspective of developmental changes in the rate of offending as youths grow older.     

Having the cake and eating it too: efficient penalty clauses in Common and Civil contract law

In this paper we examine one of the areas where there is a marked difference between Civil and Common contract law, that of the enforcement of liquidated damages and more particularly of penalty clauses. Common law judges are quite reluctant to enforce liquidated damages, especially if they believe that they include penalty clauses which are not enforceable. On the contrary, in almost all European contract laws liquidated damages are readily enforced, as are penalty clauses when they are not manifestly excessive. Although most law and economics scholars have criticized Common law courts for the non-enforcement of penalty clauses, there is a sizable minority of scholars who have defended the Common law “non-enforcement” policy on the ground that penalty clauses are inefficient because they hinder efficient breach. However, and despite the merits of the arguments advanced by advocates of the non-enforcement of penalty clauses, we believe that Common law’s rejection of penalty clauses is inefficient. We further show that the Civil law solution to the problem is not only comparatively more efficient, but that it can also appease the worries of those scholars who are afraid that efficient breaches will be deterred. The solution that Civil law systems give to the problem manages to enforce the parties’ wishes and to avoid deterring efficient breaches. However, we point out that in order for the Civil law systems to take advantage of this superiority, the interpretation of their Civil Codes should be guided by economic analysis and the respect to the wishes of the contracting parties.     

浅谈邓小平理论中有关和谐社会的思想

邓小平所提出的一系列关于中国特色社会主义的理论和观点中蕴涵着丰富的和谐社会思想,这些都是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要思想资源。其中关于稳定压倒一切、社会主义的主要任务是发展生产力及发展社会主义民主法制的思想分别是构建和谐社会的前提、基础和保障。由此,分析邓小平理论中与和谐社会思想相关的理论对现阶段和谐社会的构建具有非常重要的意义。