论犯罪现象的发生和变化的依赖关系

<正> 一、犯罪的因果关系问题在犯罪学中研究犯罪现象问题时,可以看到诸如"成因"、"原因"、"动机"、"根源"、"滋生情况"或者更普遍的"病源"、"犯罪发生因素"这样一些概念被作为相同意义概念使用的情况。要整顿好达类术语是相当困难的,因为在这     

试论禁止“内幕交易”的法学基础

<正> 对"内幕交易"行为的判定与处罚一直是证券管理与证券立法的难点之一。所谓"内幕交易"(inside trading)是指利用公司内部尚未公开的信息进行不正当的证券交易,以牟取暴利的行为。各国证券法律对"内幕交易"行为都有非常明确具体的规定,对"内幕交易"的禁止成为各国证券立法的重要组成部分之二。美国是世界上最早对证券市场实施政府监管的国家,几十年的管理实践证明美国的管理模式是富有效率的,而且在证券的司法理论及司法实践方面,美国也一直走在世界的前面,成为各国效仿的榜样。在美国,有关禁止"内幕交易"的立法,是以《1934年证券交易法》(The Securities Exchang Act of 1934)第10节(b)     

变革政治社会中的宪法变迁和宪法保障——中国宪法在改革时代如何应变、成长和发展

<正> 一"法律就是取得胜利、掌握国家政权的阶级的意志的体现",正是在这种意义上讲,法,才是"政治之子",而作为根本法或总章程的宪法却是"政治性特别强的法律"。浓厚的政治性对政治变革时代的宪法提出了双重要求:1.由于宪法规范高度原则性和简括性的特点,以及宪法预测能力的局限,更因为国家     

Corporate crime: State-owned enterprises in China

Conclusion A decade ago, the Chinese leadership frankly acknowledged that the model of a fully planned economy, with its system of state-owned and state-run enterprises, was what Lenin had called a bureaucratic dream. 86 Today, state-owned enterprises are enjoying far more freedom to operate, and the state is trying to control them with more law and fewer plans. The use of criminal law to confront corporate crime is part of the effort to import advanced management methods from the West. Nonetheless, in the context of state ownership and Party leadership, the appropriateness of this approach is questionable.The Company Law is a new instrument to bring about fundamental changes in China's system of business organizations. These changes will help determine the scope and limits of criminal law, as applied to corporate enterprises, in the next decade. In this context, I would suggest replacing the concept ofdanwei crime with the concept of corporate or company (gongsi) crime; distinguishing thosefaren that can independently bear criminal liability from those that cannot; and clearly defining the elements of corporate offenses. Corporate criminal liability is a concept applicable when the corporation not only commits the crime but also has the legal capacity to be liable in its own right. Individual liability is still the sole principle applicable to a government agency, even if the crime is collectively committed.Given the historic context of China's socioeconomic reform, criminal law reform can advance only gradually. To insure that Western concepts fit the Chinese setting, lawmakers must make certain that every new criminal statute or regulation is enforceable even where enterprises remain closely interconnected with the state and decision-makers in publicly owned enterprises are mainly appointees of the state.I gratefully acknowledge the invitation of Daniel Prefontaine, Director of the International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and of the Hon. Josiah Wood of the British Columbia Court of Appeal, to present an earlier version of this essay at the eighth international conference of the Society for the Reform of Criminal Law, Hong Kong, December 4–8, 1994. Thanks are also due to Madeleine Sann, Director of Publication,Criminal Law Forum, for her excellent editorial comments.Postgraduate Diploma of Legal Studies, ECIPSL 1984, LL.M., Shanghai Academy of Social Science 1985; Ph.D. candidate, Simon Fraser University.     

论英国宪法及其发展趋势

<正> 一切宪法都是阶级斗争的结果和总结。英国宪法在阶级本质上,与其他资产阶级国家的宪法并无区别,都是"把合乎有产阶级愿望并有利于有产阶级的社会秩序固定下来。"它是英国资产阶级意志的反映,是为巩固英国资产阶级剥削和英国资产阶级的政权服务的。但