The onset of adult offending: A neglected dimension of the criminal career

The conventional wisdom in criminology is that adult onset of offending is a rare event. Closer examination of the extant literature that use official records, however, reveals that an average of 50 percent of adult offenders initiate offending at age eighteen or older. Although criminological research has investigated late onset offending in adolescence, there is little research on adult onset offending and the correlates of adult offending. Using police contact and interview data from the 1942 and 1949 birth cohort data from Racine, WI, this study investigated the correlates of crime for adult onset and persistent offenders. The results show that employment is the only correlate to affect the probability of adult offending differently for previously delinquent and nondelinquent offenders. This article concludes by highlighting the neglect of research on adult offenders, specifically the large percentage of adult onset offenders, and calling for more research on this topic.     

净化民族语言刻不容缓

目前社会的语言运用比较混乱,在追求创新的同时忽略了语言的净化。亟需在对所存在问题进行分门别类地分析的基础上,探究问题的原因,提供解决问题的对策。     

试论依法执政的条件

依法执政关系到执政党的执政合法性及执政能力,实现依法执政,应具备的主要条件包括商品经济条件、社会自治的条件、理性的条件,其中理性条件主要包括科学民主精神和法的统治观念。在中国特有的社会转型时期,实现依法执政应走一条稳定渐进之路。     

公诉权的理论解构

国家意志、刑罚权、程序正义是决定公诉权确立和发展的根本的法理依据。在权能的实现上 ,公诉权与刑罚权互为条件 ,公诉权来源于刑罚权 ;程序正义是公诉权发展的永久的根据之一。公诉权是一种具有开放性的公权力和具有系统制约性的诉权 ,以及具有对应性的事实主张权     

IDENTIFYING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS THAT MEDIATE THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PARENTING PRACTICES AND DELINQUENCY*

Past research has largely ignored the developmental changes within the child that account for the association between parenting and risk for delinquency. We used structural equation modeling and data from a longitudinal study of several hundred African‐American families to test the contentions of various theories regarding the sociocognitive and emotional factors that mediate the impact of parental behavior on a youth's risk for delinquency. Our findings largely supported the theories. The impact of monitoring/discipline was indirect through low self‐control and acceptance of deviant norms, whereas the effect of hostility/ rejection was indirect through low self‐control, hostile view of relationships, and acceptance of deviant norms. These two dimensions of parenting were no longer related either to affiliation with deviant peers or to conduct problems once the effects of these psychological characteristics were taken into account; the impact of these parenting practices was completely mediated by these four cognitive/affective variables. Contrary to expectation, however, these psychological factors did not mediate any of the relationship between caretaker involvement in antisocial behavior and child conduct problems.     

Failed States After 9/11: What Did We Know and What Have We Learned?

This paper addresses the relationship between accumulated knowledge and U.S. policy dealing with failed states and terrorism. The central thesis is threefold: (1) that more was known about the possible linkages between failing states and terrorism than appears in pre-9/11 U.S. policies; (2) that since 9/11 some important realignment of knowledge and practice has occurred, but it remains partial and incomplete; and (3) that new knowledge, especially about the policies to sustain and promote legitimate governance, needs to be generated in order to support an effective grand strategy for addressing the threats and challenges of the twenty-first century. The paper recommends such a grand strategy and, in addition to the required new knowledge, a significant reorganization of the U.S. national security policy-making apparatus. International studies curricula appear well suited for contributing to that new knowledge and the practitioners we require.     

内部绩效评估与公共部门效率提升

文章探讨了公共部门效率低下的原因,认为内部绩效评估及以评估结果作为依据的晋升制度,刚好弥补了这一缺失,给了公共部门管理者降低成本的外在压力和内在动力。必须从思想认识、系统保障、人才开发和激励机制方面做出努力,探索绩效评估的发展途径,建立规范的绩效评估体系,提升公共部门效率。