Evaluation of technology transfer strategy of petrochemical process

In this paper we present technology transfer strategy of petrochemical process to Iranian industries. Petrochemical industries import requested technology by some known strategies such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Licensing, Joint Venture (JV), Turn-key, Reverse Engineering (RE) and Research & Development (RD). The strengths and weaknesses of each strategy was evaluated according to our situation and condition. In first step, the related literature and previous studies we investigated to find indexes for technology transfer of petrochemical process. By prepared questionnaire and referring to petrochemical experts, through AHP method, the significance of indexes related to each strategy was evaluated and analyzed. The result shows that make JV with an International company who owns the know-how technology and strong background in requested technology, will help us to succeed in our investment. Licensing, also, is an appropriate alternative for some technology transferring projects that no JV could be created.     

改革大学英语教学培养学生社会文化能力

随着科技、文化、经济交流的发展,社会对大学生英语应用能力要求越来越高,作为高等教育中一门重要的基础课程,大学英语的教学效果正受到普遍关注。我们应树立新的教学观念,改革传统教学模式,致力培养具有社会文化能力的复合型人才。     

LESSONS FOR THE US SYSTEM OF FINANCIAL ARBITRATION： A RESPONSIVE EMPIRICAL EXPLORATION OF ARBITRATION AND OMBUDSMAN SERVICES

The United States largely relies on a system of arbitration to handle retail consumer financial disputes. This approach has undergone significant challenges in recent yearsparticularly in light of recent abuses of consumer credit arbitration mechanisms. This paper reports on the result of a non-randomized smalLn survey which we label the ＂Financial Dispute Study＂ aiming at evaluating the relative effectiveness of two major approaches to financial dispute resolution -- arbitration and ombudsman services. Nearly a hundred survey questionnaires were distributed to financial dispute resolution practitioners throughout the world. A total of forty-eight arbitrators and ombudsmen from East Asia, North America, Europe, the Middle East and Africa responded. In the Study the participants were asked how practitioners viewed the level of satisfaction, settlement rate and perceived increase or decrease in the use of the given method of financial dispute resolution -- whether arbitration or ombudsman service.     

Impacts of Aggregation on Relative Performances of Nonsurvey Updating Techniques And Intertemporal Stability of Input–Output Coefficients

In many instances, and for variety of reasons, input–output researchers are compelled to both employ mechanical techniques to update older survey-based tables as well as using more aggregated ones. This combination, however, gives rise to several concerns. The present paper is an attempt to investigate two such questions. First, the effects of aggregation on the accuracy ranking of selected updating methods, and second, the effects of aggregation on intertemporal stability of the input–output coefficients. To probe these issues, three updating methods were selected. These methods are NAÏVE or constant coefficient hypothesis, RAS or biproportional method, and LaGrangian optimization technique. Two survey-based tables from the former Soviet Union along with the selected updating techniques are used to generate updated target year’s direct and inverse transaction matrices at four aggregation levels. Comparison of the resultant estimates at these four levels of aggregation with their counterparts in the actual benchmark table reveals that a higher level of aggregation neither affects the rankings of the updating methods nor does it universally and unequivocally leads to a higher degree of intertemporal stability of input–output coefficients.