Simultaneous determination of trace benzodiazepines from drinks by using direct electrospray probe/mass spectrometry (DEP/MS).

This study presents a novel means of rapidly determining benzodiazepines in various drinks. Electrospray mass spectrometry with a direct probe design is used as the analytical instrument. Samples are treated only by a simple liquid-liquid extraction prior to direct electrospray probe/mass spectrometry (DEP/MS) analysis. The proposed method provides a relatively easy and efficient means of identifying the drugs in a very short time interval. On average, sample analysis is completed in less than five minutes including sample pretreatment. It is especially useful in forensic science since the technology can provide a rapid identification for unknown samples. Thus, the method proposed herein is highly appropriate for rapidly screening a large number of samples.     

国际条约与国内法的关系及中国的实践

国际法与国内法存在着区别与联系,它们之间的关系处于变化之中。随着经济全球化进程的加快,国际法也存在着集中化的趋势,但一个“公力救济”的国际社会尚未最终形成。中国目前尚无宪法性法律规定条约与国内法的关系。根据实践,中国在条约的国内生效问题上采用的是纳入的方法。由于缺乏明确规定,条约在国内的适用存在困难。应在宪法性法律中明确规定条约在国内生效的程序、不同性质的条约与相关国内法的等级。     

上市公司收购中股东权的保护

股东权的保护是公司制度存在的制度基础,作为公司法特别法或并行 法的证券法,也是股东权保护的重要法律渊源。必须坚持上市公司收购中股东权保 护的立法宗旨和基本原则,我国《证券法》中上市公司收购股东权保护问题上尚有诸 多不足,证券监督管理委员会应制定与“上市公司收购立法”相对应的条例,并不断予 以完善。     

科技法律法规的清理评价机制

在人类迈向知识经济时代的今天,科技法律法规对社会的巨大作用日益凸显。近十几年来,我国的科技立法取得了巨大的成就。然而,以明确性、规范性、协调性、完备性和稳定性五个方面的要求来审视我国的科技法律法规,可以发现其存在着法律规定过于原则、规范之间相互矛盾冲突、立法层次过低、立法滞后、缺乏灵活性等立法质量问题,严重影响了对科技领域的社会关系的法律调控。因此,建立符合中国国情的、科学的科技法律法规的清理评价机制,遵循合理的清理评价标准,采用定期清理与专项清理相结合的法方法,以促进我国科技法律体系的完善已经是当务之急。本文从分析我国科技法律法规中存在的问题入手,对我国科技法律法规清理评价机制的建立及其应当注意的问题提出了自己的建议,以期对我国科技法律法规的完善有所助益。     

论经济伦理的学科意义

经济伦理学是一门正在崛起的新兴学科,经济伦理学科研究事关人类未来经济的发展,事关经济的正常运行.     

Confessions: a Model of Officials' Perspectives on Accepting Gifts from Clients in Post-communist Europe

There is widespread criticism of the behaviour of junior officials in post-communist Europe where they are often accused of treating citizens unfairly and soliciting presents or bribes to solve citizens' problems. To get the perspective of officials themselves we interviewed 1307 junior officials and state employees in Ukraine, Bulgaria, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. This paper focuses on their willingness to accept gifts from clients, their confessions to having done so, and the factors that lead some officials to accept gifts while others do not – factors such as occupational bargaining power and the (related) frequency of offers from clients, economic pressures, national and institutional cultures, fear of punishment, and moral perspectives on charging clients for favours. Economic pressures make officials more inclined to feel that they 'could not afford to refuse' gifts, but this motivation is only weakly related to actual behaviour. Occupational bargaining power and the frequency of offers from clients make them more likely to 'welcome' gifts or accept them 'out of politeness'– and these less excusable motivations are more strongly related to actual gift-taking.     

20世纪的意识形态与马克思主义

20世纪意识形态的运演突出地表现为资产阶级意识形态和马克思主义的较量。资产阶级意识形态在颠覆马克思主义的过程中,依托强大的经济力量以普世性文化的面目向全世界扩张,而马克思主义者在抗击资产阶级意识形态的过程中,却步入了历史所带来的困境。但是马克思主义并未因此而沉寂。马克思主义因其自身的性质决定了对资产阶级意识形态的超越性。     

印度跨国公司对外直接投资的SWOT分析

随着经济全球化的加深,越来越多的印度跨国公司参与对外直接投资,进行跨国经营并取得令人注目的成就。作为来自于发展中国家的跨国公司,印度企业对外投资有其自身的优势和劣势,也面临外部的机遇和威胁。文章运用SWOT分析方法,通过对上述四个方面的分析,总结出印度跨国公司对外直接投资时一些有效的、可供借鉴的策略。