THE VALUE OF THE REMUNERATION OF HIGH CIVIL SERVANTS IN BRITAIN IN THE 20TH CENTURY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

The article traces a large real and comparative decline in the rewards of high civil servants in Great Britain over the 20th century, accelerating since about 1970. It relates this to developments in the market for ‘high quality’ graduates and to changes in public and governmental attitudes which have affected the size, organization and role of the civil service. It discusses possible causes of the decline in top rewards in terms of three explanatory approaches suggested by social scientists – the ‘institutional’, the ‘cultural’, and the views of the ‘Chicago School’. Finally, following an examination of changes in the way senior British civil servants are now recruited and remunerated, it considers possible outcomes in terms of effects on the part they can play in the governmental process.     

两次海湾战争中美国国民经济动员特点比较

冷战结束后，美国于1991年和2003年对伊拉克发动了两次非线式、非接触、非对称性的现代化高技术局部战争，即两次海湾战争。两次海湾战争时隔12载，美国战争动员完成了从冷战时期的大规模全面战争动员向冷战后局部战争动员的演变。第一次海湾战争之时，处在全面战争状态的战争动员，尚不能适应高技术局部战争的需要；     

从改革开放前后两个历史时期的联系看中国特色社会主义道路的内涵

在纪念我国改革开放30年之际，《学理论》2008年第二期刊发了中国社会科学院副院长朱佳木同志的《正确看待改革开放前后两个时期的历史及其联系，深刻认识和准确把握中国特色社会主义道路的实质》一文。在此基础土朱佳木同志对这一问题进行了进一步的梳理和归纳，本刊将这篇新的文章刊登于此，以飨读者。     

Interrogation of short tandem repeats using fluorescent probes and melting curve analysis: A step towards rapid DNA identity screening

Current forensic DNA profiling methods rely on the analysis of samples at specialised laboratories with an average turnaround time of several days. The ability to rapidly determine a partial profile of short tandem repeats at the point-of-arrest would be of great benefit to police forces around the world, for example enabling a suspect to be rapidly included or excluded from an investigation. We have developed a homogeneous PCR method for the interrogation of STR loci utilising fluorescent oligonucleotide probes and melting curve analysis. Alleles of the D18S51, TH01 and D8S1179 loci were differentiated and identified on the basis of target length and probe melting temperature. Assay performance was evaluated by comparing melting peak data with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® system. The method is compatible with direct analysis of unpurified buccal swab samples, enabling a partial STR profile to be generated within 1 h.