Introduction: Dimensions of Interstate Relations

By dividing political power between the national governmentand multiple constituent governments, a federal system automaticallyproduces relations among the constituent governments. This articledescribes six provisions of the U.S. Constitution for handlingrelations between the states: (1) federal judicial settlementof interstate disputes, (2) cooperative action by states, (3)privileges and immunities within each state for out-of-statecitizens of the United States, (4) full faith and credit forthe public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of each state,(5) interstate rendition, and (6) free interchange of commerceamong the states.     

Federal Preemption Under Reagan's New Federalism

Ronald Reagan defined his federalism program in terms of returningpolitical power to state and local governments. In practice,he was Janus-faced with respect to his views on domestic policyissues. His "public" face emphasized initiatives promoting areturn of political power to the states and local governments.His "silent" face encouraged additional centralization of politicalpower in several functional areas, and he signed bills prohibitingstate economic regulation of certain industries. Most of Reagan'sinitiatives were administrative, and increased to a limitedextent the discretionary authority of states. In general, thepresident favored a smaller federal regulatory role but notnecessarily a larger state and local government role. He signedtotal preemption bills granting greater freedom of action tothe banking, communications, and transportation industries,and tax sanction and crossover sanction bills. At the closeof his administration, intergovernmental relations were morecoercive than they had been in 1980.     

A Longitudinal Analysis of Stress in African American Youth: Predictors and Outcomes of Stress Trajectories

Few researchers have studied trajectories of stress over time in relation to psychosocial outcomes and behaviors among adolescents. A sample of African American adolescents were assessed longitudinally on perceived stress, psychological well-being, support, antisocial behaviors, and academic success. Patterns of stress over 4 time points were developed using a cluster-analytic approach. Differences among the trajectory clusters were examined using psychosocial outcomes and behaviors. Adolescents with chronic levels of stress reported more anxiety and depression, engaged in antisocial behaviors, and reported less active coping than youth in other trajectories. Adolescents with low levels of stress over time reported fewer psychological problems, perceived more social support, and were more likely to graduate from high school than those with higher stress levels over time. We also found that an increase in stress coincided with a lack of support and more psychological problems over time.     

Reconstruction of Criminal Defense System from the Field of "Trial-Centered" Litigation System Reform

The “trial-centered” litigation system reform, as a major task of China’s judicial reform, has drawn much attention due to its protection of the legitimate rights and interests of citizens as well as the maintenance of judicial fairness and authority. In the new-era background, the reform of the “trial-centered” litigation system will inevitably set new requirements on the litigation function, litigation structure and the judicial system as well. The perfection and reconstruction of the criminal defense system, as an indispensable part of the reform, is doomed to be an essential requirement concerning the realization of “trial-centered”. In a word, to perfect the criminal defense system is to reconstruct the lawyer defense system on the basis of a deep understanding of the connotation as “trial-centered”. To be specific, it refers to the following four aspects in the new judicial field as the full coverage of judicial field, the integration of configuration mode, the protection of subjective rights as well as the substantiation of functional effectiveness.     

从保障人权角度浅议司法权

司法权是掌握对公民生杀予夺大权的国家权力,诉权是人权的司法最终救济性权利,是人权不可或缺的一部分。针对我国司法权对人权的侵犯的现象,给予人权以司法保障就是明智的选择。     

珠江三角洲地区鸭肝炎病原分离及其致病性和理化特性测定

对珠江三角洲地区鸭肝炎发病雏鸭群进行病原分离、致病性试验及理化特性测定.结果共分离到9株野毒,初步研究结果表明该9株野毒具备Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒(DHV-Ⅰ)的基本特征,但其毒力具有不均一性.对7日龄雏鸭的致病力,其中3株LD50分别为10-4.36/0.3 mL、10-4.17/0.3 mL和10-4.08/0.3 mL;另外3株LD50分别为10-2.48/0.3 mL、10-2.39/0.3 mL和10-2.19/0.3 mL;其余3株对7日龄雏鸭无致病性,但2株对1日龄的雏鸭却有一定的致病性,1株无致病性.该研究结果为分析本地区鸭肝炎疫情变化提供了依据.     

Exposure to Violence Predicting Cortisol Response During Adolescence and Early Adulthood: Understanding Moderating Factors

Previous research on the association between violence and biological stress regulation has been largely cross-sectional, and has also focused on childhood. Using longitudinal data from a low-income, high-risk, predominantly African-American sample (n = 266; 57 % female), we tested hypotheses about the influence of cumulative exposure to violence during adolescence and early adulthood on cortisol responses in early adulthood. We found that cumulative exposure to violence predicted an attenuated cortisol response. Further, we tested whether sex, mothers’ support, or fathers’ support moderated the effect of exposure to violence on cortisol responses. We found that the effect of cumulative exposure to violence on cortisol was modified by sex; specifically, males exposed to violence exhibited a more attenuated response pattern. In addition, the effect of cumulative exposure to violence on cortisol was moderated by the presence of fathers’ support during adolescence. The findings contribute to a better understanding of how cumulative exposure to violence influences biological outcomes, emphasizing the need to understand sex and parental support as moderators of risk.     

Psychological Distress,Substance Use,and HIV/STI Risk Behaviors Among Youth

Psychological distress has been inconsistently associated with sexual risk behavior in youth, suggesting additional factors, such as substance use, may explain this relationship. The mediating or moderating role of substance use on the relationship between psychological distress and sexual risk behaviors was prospectively examined over the four high school years in a sample of urban youth (N = 850; 80% African American; 50% female). Growth curve modeling was used to estimate changes in sexual risk across adolescence and to test its association to psychological distress symptoms and frequency of substance use. Substance use was associated with psychological distress. Greater psychological distress was associated with increased sexual intercourse frequency, decreased condom use, and increased number of partners. Substance use fully mediated the relationship between psychological distress and intercourse frequency and condom use, and partially mediated the relationship between psychological distress and number of partners. We found no differences in mediation by sex or race/ethnicity and no evidence to support moderation of psychological distress and substance use on sexual risk. Findings suggest that psychological distress is associated with sexual risk because youth with greater psychological distress are also more likely to use substances. Practical implications for adolescent HIV/STI prevention are discussed.     

浅析消费法律关系的社会法属性

社会法的产生直接导源于对预防和抑制社会两极分化现象蔓延此类社会问题之呼唤,社会法的目的就在于对贫者与弱者提供法律上稳定的补给、救助与支援。消费法律关系是具有社会法属性的法律关系,民事法律无力调整实质上不平等的消费法律关系。行_政法与经济法的调整也不能实现消费者权益的最大保护,形式平等、实质不平等的消费法律关系应当由社会法调整。