德国、奥地利垃圾焚烧处理考察纪实

一、德国、奥地利垃圾焚烧和垃圾处理现状 (一)柏林市垃圾焚烧厂建于1968年,废气排放标准非常严格 考察组参观了柏林市垃圾焚烧发电厂,这个发电厂建于1968年,有8条焚烧线,年处理生活垃圾52万吨,柏林市59%的生活垃圾都在该厂处理.柏林市垃圾焚烧发电厂环境很好,厂区内没有臭味,场内工作井然有序.该焚烧厂可为10万户家庭供电、3万户家庭供热,同时也向周围的工厂供电、供热.     

《北京市居民供热采暖合同(按面积计费版)》示范文本解读

为贯彻落实<北京市供热采暖管理办法>的有关规定,规范本市的居民供热采暖交易关系,公平维护采暖用户和供热单位的合法权益,减少交易纠纷,北京市市政市容管理委员会和北京市工商行政管理局根据<中华人民共和国合同法>、<中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法>等有关法律,法规和规章的规定,共同组织制定了<北京市居民供热采暖合同(按面积计费版)>的示范文本,于今年7月1日起推行使用.     

论我国公共管理创新平台构建的动力、模式与策略

公共管理理论浪潮的兴起推动着公共管理的创新,构建我国公共管理创新平台是必需的选择。全球化趋势的增强、第三部门的兴起和公民民主化诉求的高涨是公共管理创新平台构建的动力;"板凳式"公共管理创新平台是推动我国今后公共管理创新的理想模式;从体制、利益、理念三个层面来寻求公共管理创新平台构建的策略是一种比较合理的选择。     

清代的开复

开复是官员处分制度的重要组成部分。清代法律对开复的条件、提起开复的官员和程序及开复的后果都有较详细的规定。开复制度的正确运用可以适当缓解清代官员处分制度过于严苛的弊端，有助于官僚队伍的稳定。     

Scope of liability: the vanishing distinction between negligence and strict liability

The duty-of-care requirement cannot be used anymore as the touchstone to differentiate negligence from strict liability because it can be found in many forms of the latter. Duty of care is smuggled into strict liability hidden under the scope of liability requirement (traditionally called “proximate causation”). As far as the scope of liability requirement is common to negligence and to many forms of strict liability, there is a fairly large common ground to both liability rules, and consequently the marginal Hand formula is applied to both rules. Indeed, under a negligence rule, the marginal Hand formula is applied twice: first to assess whether or not the defendant did breach his or her duty of care, and, second, to delimit whether or not the defendant’s behavior was a proximate cause of the harm suffered by the victim. However, under a strict liability rule, the Hand formula is applied only once when the proximate causation question is raised. Traditional law and economics analysis has almost always taken the normative question raised by the causation requirement as given, which is a potential major problem due to the importance of scope of liability or proximate causation in legal practice. Defining the scope of liability, that is to say, the boundaries of the pool of potential defendants, is the basic legal policy decision for each and every liability rule. In the normative model presented in this paper, the government first chooses efficient scope of liability, and given the scope of liability, the government then decides the liability rule and damages that guarantee efficient precaution. In the article, most known scope of liability rationales developed by both common law and civil law systems are discussed in order to show the substantial common ground between negligence and strict liability.     

欧洲三国公务员培训的经验与启示

瑞士、丹麦、芬兰实行公务员制度比较早,形成了一整套比较成熟的公务员培训机制和经验。这些国家在公务员培训方面有以下共同特点：在战略上高度重视公务员培训,尤其强调中高级官员培训;注重培训内容的实用性;采用灵活的资源外取师资队伍模式;实行培训机构市场化运作和重视国际合作。