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821.
Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie Malwina Mejer 《European Journal of Law and Economics》2010,29(2):211-237
This paper analyses the consequences for the European patent system of the recently ratified London Agreement, which aims
to reduce the translation requirements for patent validation procedures in 15 out of 34 national patent offices. The simulations
suggest that the cost of patenting has been reduced by 20–30% since the enforcement of the LA. With an average translation
cost saving of €3,600 per patent, the total savings for the business sector amount to about €220 millions. The fee elasticity
of patents being about −0.4, one may expect an increase in patent filings of 8–12%. Despite the translation cost savings,
the relative cost of a European patent validated in six (thirteen) countries is still at least five (seven) times higher than
in the United States. 相似文献
822.
823.
Marianne van de Steeg 《West European politics》2013,36(2):426-427
Territorial autonomy is one aspect of power-sharing in multi-ethnic societies. Nevertheless, the multi-ethnic countries of Central and Eastern Europe are still among the most centralised in the European Union. This article analyses the failure of any attempts to establish (symmetric) federalism or (asymmetric) autonomy, creating self-governed regions by the Hungarian minorities in Romania and Slovakia. The analysis focuses on the positions of the main parties of the ethnic majorities and the Hungarian minority parties in the two countries. In both cases, the parties representing the Hungarian minorities have favoured territorial autonomy along ethnic lines, but this demand has been rejected by the parties of the ethnic majority. Against the historical legacy of unstable borders, the parties of the ethnic majority argue that territorial autonomy or federalisation might be a first step for a revisionist agenda and separatism. Instead, supported by the European integration, the parties have been able to agree on decentralisation as a half-hearted compromise. 相似文献
824.
Katherine H. Shelton Peter Mackie Marianne van den Bree Pamela J. Taylor Sarah Evans 《Housing Policy Debate》2013,23(3):483-504
It is estimated that on a single night in January 2009, there were 643,067 sheltered and unsheltered homeless people in America (The 2009 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress 2010). The Obama administration recently published “Opening Doors,” the first federal plan to prevent and end homelessness. We argue that the strategy is based on a partial evidence base that raises questions about the potential of the strategy to meet its goals. In order to inform future iterations of the plan, data from 682 young adults (aged 18–27 years old; mean = 22.13 years old) who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used to examine whether there is a typologys of young adults with a history of homelessness; one of the priority groups in the strategy. A priori selected variables previously associated with lifetime homelessness in non-random samples were mapped to survey items. Data were analyzed using cluster analysis. Comparisons were conducted with a randomly selected “never-homeless” sample from the same study. The cluster analysis revealed four subgroups. It appears that the Federal Plan currently prioritizes homelessness risk factors associated with two subgroups: the Young Offenders subgroup and the Abused Depressed subgroup. The needs of two other subgroups are not fully addressed: the Childhood Adversity subgroup and the Vulnerable African-American subgroup. The authors offer guidance on future directions for homelessness policy relevant to young adults. 相似文献
825.
826.
This study examined the role of family obligations and school adjustment in explaining immigrant adolescents’ adaptation.
Despite a relatively low socio-economic status, immigrant adolescents have been found to have a pattern of adaptation superior
to that of national adolescents. Immigrant adolescents’ strong sense of family obligations and positive school adjustment
have been used to explain these positive adaptation outcomes. Using self-reports in a sample of 277 national adolescents (45.5%
female) and a sample of 175 non-western immigrant adolescents (58.9% female), both samples with a mean age of 15 years, it
was found that despite a lower socio-economic status, the adaptation of immigrant adolescents was as good as the nationals’
adaptation. Immigrant adolescents scored higher on family obligations and school adjustment. Family obligations and school
adjustment were found positively related to adaptation outcomes in the national and the immigrant adolescent sample. Findings
suggest that, in underprivileged environments, a strong sense of family obligations may help immigrants as well as national
adolescents achieve a positive pattern of adaptation. 相似文献
827.
Iris van der Tuin 《Women's studies international forum》2011,34(4):271
This review essay discusses and contextualizes four recent publications in and on ‘new feminist materialism’. The discussion of the three edited volumes and one monograph demonstrates what the new feminist materialism wants to provoke in different (inter)disciplines, and the contextualization is aimed at dealing with the question of what is ‘new’ in new feminist materialism. Ultimately, the essay boils down to exploring the theoretical tools that scholars from diverse (inter)disciplinary fields, continents and generations have developed for dealing with agential matter rather than (gendered) passive matter. The contextualization exercise wants to show how the new materialism is not a paradigm shift or a rewriting of, for instance, the linguistic turn. These two seemingly opposite epistemological tools are both grounded in an epistemology of recognition, whereas the new materialism wants to move away from such linguisticism. Experimenting with the tool of the ‘quantum leap’, the essay ends with openings for future (epistemic) research on and of the material turn. 相似文献
828.
The study described in this article took place in a commercial production organization and a non-profit social welfare organization
(N = 377 and N = 582, respectively). The study investigates how group cohesiveness and absence tolerance separately and in tandem are related
to company registered absenteeism rates. As predicted, results support the hypotheses that absence tolerance is positively
related with absenteeism and interacts with low group cohesion to result in absenteeism. Contrasting earlier studies that
found highly cohesive groups to interact with absence tolerance, results of this study are the first to show that low group
cohesiveness interacts significantly with absence tolerance. That is, low cohesive groups counterintuitively are related to
the lowest levels of voluntary sickness absence together with intolerant views toward absence. This interaction effect is
found independently in two different organizations. 相似文献
829.
Ineke Maas Marco H.D. van Leeuwen Jean-Pierre Pélissier Danièle Rébaudo 《The History of the Family》2011,16(4):371
This study investigates the claim that industrialization led to a decrease of parental status homogamy. Contrary to previous research industrialization is not indicated by historical time, nor measured as a macro-development, but instead brides and bridegrooms who are more involved in the industrial labour market are compared with those who are less involved. The theory of preferences, third parties and meeting opportunities is used to derive the hypotheses that young persons (1) with an industrial occupation, (2) who are intergenerationally mobile, and (3) with formal training marry more often outside their parental status group. Hypotheses are tested using the Tra-dataset on France for the period 1803–1899. Brides and bridegrooms working in an industrial occupation and intergenerationally mobile bridegrooms are indeed found to marry less homogamously with respect to parental status. 相似文献
830.
This cross-sectional anthropometric study was aimed at estimating expansion of the external ear during adult life, in order to evaluate the extent to which anatomical features appearing in earprints may vary with time. A review of the literature was provided. Data extracted from photographed ears of 1353 subjects were analyzed. The effect of age on auricle length, earlobe length, and auricle width was explored using univariate analyses of variance. The regression coefficients of age on these dimensions were, respectively, 0.178, 0.115, and 0.073 mm/yr for males, and 0.162, 0.100, and 0.073 mm/year for females (p=0.000). Regression coefficients of age corrected for stature were assumed to be less accurate. Anthelix prominence and helix width were analyzed using data of 175 subjects, and appeared unaffected by age. As lobe expansion appeared to exceed the estimated cartilage expansion, it was assumed that particularly the imprint of the lobe would be less stable with time. 相似文献