薄层琼脂方法检测结核分枝杆菌分离物对利福平、氧氟沙星和卡那霉素的耐药性

背景:在低收入国家迫切需要经济的方法检测结核分枝杆菌对抗结核药物的敏感性。目的:评估薄层琼脂方法(thin-layer agar,TLA)快速检测结核分枝杆菌临床分离物对利福平(RMP)、氧氟沙星(Ofx)、卡那霉素(Km)的耐药性;与金标准比较,评估该方法的敏感度、特异度以及阳性结果的报告时间。方法:共纳入147份结核结核分枝杆菌临床分离物。进行TLA方法时,采用含有RMP,Ofx及Km的7H11琼脂培养基的四象限平皿。TLA方法RMP耐药性结果与Bactec MGIT960结果进行比较,TLA方法检测Ofx和Km耐药性结果与比例法的耐药性结果进行比较。结果:RMP和Ofx的敏感度和特异度均为100%,KM的敏感度和特异度分别为100%和98.7%。使用TLA四象限平皿方法可以快速(中位数为10 d)检测3种抗结核药物(RMP、Ofx、Km)的耐药性。结论:对于检测所研究的3种药物的耐药性,LTA是1种准确的方法。这种快速的方法操作简便,为资源有限、不能应用复杂技术的国家提供了一种替代的方法。     

促进公平、可持续的福利体系

<正>我们身处的时代充满了挑战,特别是贫富差距不断扩大、人口老龄化程度不断加深以及劳动力市场充满了不确定性。应对这些挑战,在很大程度上需要依赖于更加公平、更具有可持续性的福利体系。经合组织国家福利体系面临的挑战许多经合组织国家的福利体系正面临着严峻的挑战。未来几年,人口老龄化将会加大政府的预算压力。据我们预测,到2060年,医疗及养老支出将会从2007年的l3.9%上升至20–24%左右。相比之下,到2050年,在半数经合组织国家内,劳动年龄人口将会下降近30%,这会使社会保障的筹资更为艰难。     

中印能和平崛起吗?

中印两国的崛起是21世纪初的国际体系中很引人注意的现象。中国和印度不仅在亚洲竞争权力和影响力,两国也被一个特别有争议的边界争端所束缚。就中印关系的前景而言,经济上的相互依存未必足以抵消中印对抗冲突的根源,但两国间的冲突与战争也并非不可避免。     

域外证据开示和诉讼制度的冲突——以德国和美国为中心

一、导言如果在美国的堪萨斯州发生的汽车爆炸导致原告受到严重伤害,爆炸可能是由于在美国外生产的汽车某部件的缺陷所致。由     

中国农村的选举:没有其他政党参与的竞选

美刊《比较政治研究》2010年6月号刊登了耶鲁大学政治学系教授皮埃尔.F.兰德里、狄波拉.戴维斯与香港大学教授王石如合作撰写的文章《中国农村的选举:没有其他政党参与的竞选》。作者根据对30个农村选区698名选民的微观调查结果指出:如     

家兔死后心血氧化还原电位值变化与死亡时间的关系

目的研究在不同温度条件下家兔死后心血氧化还原电位(oxidation reduction potential,ORP)值变化与死亡时间(postmortem interval,PMI)的关系。方法随机将48只家兔分为6组,以空气栓塞法处死后,取家兔右心室血液分别置于10、15、20、25、30和35℃温度下的水浴中,自取血即刻(0h)至死后132h内,每4 h用PB-21型电化学分析仪测定样本的ORP值。应用SPSS 17.0软件建立曲线回归方程,再应用MATLAB7.10.0软件建立曲面方程和三维曲面图。结果不同温度条件下家兔心血ORP值变化与PMI具有高度相关性,温度高时,ORP值上升明显,温度低时,ORP值上升缓慢,并获得拟合的曲面方程以及三维曲面图。结论拟合的ORP值与PMI的曲面方程及三维曲面图可进行温度变化条件下的PMI推断。     

Title I--improving the academic achievement of the disadvantaged; Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)--assistance to states for the education of children with disabilities. Final regulations

The Secretary amends the regulations governing programs administered under Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA), as amended by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) (referred to in these regulations as the Title I program) and the regulations governing programs under Part B of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) (referred to in these regulations as the IDEA program). These regulations provide States with additional flexibility regarding State, local educational agency (LEA), and school accountability for the achievement of a small group of students with disabilities whose progress is such that, even after receiving appropriate instruction, including special education and related services designed to address the students' individual needs, the students' individualized education program (IEP) teams (IEP Teams) are reasonably certain that the students will not achieve grade-level proficiency within the year covered by the students' IEPs.     

Exemption of chemical mixtures. Final rule

On December 15, 2004, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) published a Final Rule corrected January 4, 2005) that implemented new regulations concerning chemical mixtures that contain any of the 27 listed chemicals. The Final Rule added a new provision not previously raised by DEA in any proposed rulemaking. This newly introduced provision exempted domestic and import transactions in chemical mixtures that are regulated solely due to the presence of the List II solvent chemicals acetone, ethyl ether, 2-butanone, or toluene from the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) recordkeeping and reporting requirements. Because this exemption was not previously proposed in any rulemaking, DEA implemented this exemption on an interim basis and requested public comment on this exemption provision. Based upon a review of all comments, DEA is finalizing this exemption. As such, domestic and import transactions in chemical mixtures containing the List II chemicals acetone, ethyl ether, 2-butanone, and toluene shall be exempt from CSA chemical recordkeeping and reporting requirements.     

如何利用“小道消息”

某年秋季．谣言在可口可乐的亚特兰大总部蔓延。组织正在经历一次大的重组．将在全球范围内裁员5200人。公司内谣传主要的管理者将离开公司，高层管理者之间互相倾轧。这些谣言严重地打击了公司的士气。公司的行政副总裁吉姆斯·切斯特纳特试图制止谣言，让一切重上轨道。他承认，公司高层没有充分地向员工解释即将发生的变化。他承诺会有“更好、更频繁”的沟通。