可保利益

<正> 保险并不意味着也不应该向任何人无条件地提供保险,以免在损失发生之时,使有些被保险人从赔偿中获取一种纯净的利益。在实践中,对此进行控制的相当可靠的方式,便是采取"可保利益"原则。一、坚持可保利益原则的目的在判例和成文立法中,贯穿于可保利益原则全部发展途程的两个主要目的,曾引起立法     

美国的商标和商标法

<正> 一、商标的性质商标的主要功能是识别商标所属产品的来源。它也有一种广告功能和保证功能——这后一功能,是保护产品的来源和产品在广告上被宣传的质量。在人们的心目中,商标的能力有强有弱。家用电器用具制造商——阳光公司,是注册商标"阳光"的所有权人。该公司对阳光家具公司提起诉讼。法院下令禁止被告把"阳光"这     

The evolution of employment in Mexico: 1895-1980

Employment figures from the Mexican national census are the basis for this analysis of employment changes in Mexico between 1895-1980. The work identifies longterm trends in the volume and composition of employment and distinguishes 3 main periods in the evolution of employment. The first period, from 1895-1930, marked the end of a stage of development lasting until about 1907 in which sufficient internal stability was achieved to support Mexico's entrance into the world market. Export of agricultural products and metals was the principal focus of economic growth. Construction of roads and railroads was a central element of progress. But economic and social problems manifested in regional disparities, concentration of wealth, conflicts between economic sectors, low pay for agricultural workers, and fierce social and political control characterized the period and culminated in the Mexican Revolution. After the first decade of the 20th century the ability of the economy to absorb new workers began to decline, and the falling of crude activity rates was not reversed until the 1940s. During the 1920s, total employment increased less than 6%, reflecting a net increase of 403,000 male workers and a decrease of 110,000 female workers. The second major period of employment from 1930-1970 saw the change from an economy based on export of primary products to one based on manufacturing for the internal market. There were 2 subperiods, a stage of transition from 1930-50, the economy registered marked fluctuations, but by the 1940s the consolidation of state power and important reforms permitting expansion of the internal market were factors in an accelerated growth of employment relative to the preceding intercensal period. Despite considerable increases in agricultural employment, the relative share of the agricultural sector in total employment was beginning a decline. Employment registered the highest growth rates of the century in the 1940s and exceeded population growth. The increased employment was explained by accelerated growth and accumulation in manufacturing along with increases in commerce, services, construction, and agriculture. From 1950-70, industrial development was consolidated, and there was a generalized expansion in employment in manufacturing as well as in the secondary and tertiary sectors. The economy was less able to absorb new labor, primarily because the agricultural sector had reached the limits of expansion in both the commercial and peasant sector by 1965, at just the time that population growth was most rapid. During the 1970s, manufacturing employment grew less rapidly because of modernization, almost exclusive orientation to the internal market which limited expansion, and scarcity of funds for importing capital goods. A new model of growth will be needed if Mexico is to escape its present stagnation, and a significant share of economic activity will need to be oriented to export. Until this process is consolidated, the national economy is unlikely to show signs of sustained recuperation.     

论犯罪现象的发生和变化的依赖关系

<正> 一、犯罪的因果关系问题在犯罪学中研究犯罪现象问题时,可以看到诸如"成因"、"原因"、"动机"、"根源"、"滋生情况"或者更普遍的"病源"、"犯罪发生因素"这样一些概念被作为相同意义概念使用的情况。要整顿好达类术语是相当困难的,因为在这